REVUE EUROPÉENNE DU DROIT SOCIAL

7-14

Authors: Dan Top

The large number of women who have entered the labour market in the last decades has contributed significantly to changing the perception of women's identity and its role. The role of women is no longer limited to domestic and reproductive activities; they also work closely with a paid activity, with work becoming a very important element in strengthening gender identity. However, compared to men, women employed work less hours, in sectors with lower salaries and occupy lower positions, which leads to considerable wage and pay differences between women and men. Creating a solid social protection system for atypical workers is even more necessary given that increasing women's participation in the workforce and employment rate are essential to achieving the main objective of the Europe 2020 strategy in all EU Member States. Europeans, including Romania.

28-35

Authors: Edvana TIRI; Besmir ALUSHI; Erjola ALIAJ

In this paper we have addressed some of the key issues related to citizenship, as a legal notion and in particular Albanian citizenship. Citizenship expresses a political-legal connection of an individual to a particular state. Through it, flow the specific rights and obligations that the person fulfils during his life. Practically, citizenship entitles us to our rights and obligations and the loss of it deprives us from many of them. Citizenship is a high moral and constitutional value for each country. In this way the state not only identifies its citizens but also protects them wherever they are. The authors have made a brief study regarding to the history of citizenship in Albania since the time of establishment of the Albanian state to nowadays. The line that the Albanian state pursued for obtaining citizenship was generally that of jus sanguinis and giving priority to the jus criterion only in exceptional cases. We have also stopped in the rights that derive from our citizenship, including political, civil, economic and cultural rights.

51-65

Authors: Kefentse NDONGA; Theophilus Tebetso TSHUKUDU

The level of productivity in the public service has always remained a topical issue among both the public (as clients) and stakeholders of the public service. According Tshukudu (2008), the prevailing situation in the work place has been that of low work performance poor service delivery and high labour turnover, exacerbated by an extremely apathetic work attitude. Evidence of these factors is observable in BPS and to a large extent continue weaken the structures established and affecting the economy at large. This article explores measure of employees’ engagement in the Botswana Public Service. The article is inspired by the persistent outcry about poor performance in service delivery and the low productivity levels in the BPS, amidst adoption of performance reforms. The introduction of administrative reforms has seen some progressive improvements in the processes and work systems albeit gradually. The qualitative study was undertaken to investigate strategies used to improve employee engagement in the Botswana public service and has observed that generally there has been limited attention given to this factor in many previous studies conducted on the sector, and consequently less is known to managers and how it can be incorporated into people management practice in the Botswana public service.

71-80

Authors: Leila BOUDIA; Samia Souad AOUICHAT

This research analyzes behaviors and practices related to waste and water in housing through a survey conducted in March 2016 in the municipalities of Oran, with 228 people. Our goal was to answer the following question that people's perception and behavior for sustainable development? to answer this problem, water and waste behaviors have been analyzed, the management of their itineraries outside the dwelling is the most complicated problem at the local level. Among the objectives retained by this survey also, measure the degree of knowledge, and practices of the population of the city of Oran vis-à-vis its urban residential environment. the main findings show that household environmental behaviors are strongly related to the level of education, the habitat environment, the gender and the age of the household head. On the question of the sustainable management of the environment in Algeria it would be essential, recourse to the European experience which to consider the integration of the whole population to reinforce the action of the public authorities.

89-100

Authors: Nadia OUNALLI; Riadh BECHIR; Marwen AOUNI

This article aims to contribute to the development of a scheme for optimizing water resources allocation in the irrigated perimeter of Sidi Bou Ali. It is a question of showing the interest of a linear multiobjective modeling to explore the management of the underground water resources in the irrigated surfaces by a control of the resource demand. Based on one hundred socio-economic surveys, the price of irrigation water was perceived by all the farmers surveyed as a determining factor in farming techniques and farming modes. In response to this situation, farmers have opted to change their farming strategies. This has been confirmed by the modeling of the linear multiobjective programming with the "LINDO" software which has proved that following the increase of the price of the irrigation water, the agricultural income decreases, the expenses of the exploitation increase, the areas exploited in irrigated areas are substituted for the most water-demanding crops by those that are the least demanding in this resource. 80% of the surveyed sample expressed their willingness to abandon irrigated crop systems and their use of dry crops.