NPunto

22

Authors: Noval González, A

Introduction: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. This disease has a great impact on the patient and his environment, not only physically, but also psychologically, due to the diversity of types of cancer that exist. It involves multidisciplinary work integrating commitment, dedication and interaction. Objective: The objective of this work is to know and evaluate the psychological impact of the patient and his family, as well as to implant techniques to face this situation. Methodology: The bibliographic search was carried out from October 2021 to February 2022 using electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Elsevier and Scielo and evidence-based journals such as Cochrane, to access through them recent publications of scientific studies on cancer, mostly published from 2016 onwards. Development: Oncological disease has an enormous impact on the patient and on his or her family and social environment, which is in danger. It has been seen that emotional responses vary depending on certain factors: The stage of the disease process in which the patient is located, personal and family circumstances at the time of diagnosis, the previous experience of the patient with such pathology, the support systems they have, the treatments administered, etc. We will implement various techniques to cover every emotion that this entails. Conclusions: The importance of knowing and evaluating individually how the disease affects the patient and his whole environment. Each person has a way of facing it, each one lives each stage in his own way and must know how to support him. Continuity of care should be ensured by coordinating the different levels of care within a framework that promotes the active participation of the patient/family unit.

26

Authors: Nafría Jiménez, B

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumour that appears in the colon and rectum, from lesions called polyps. Some polyps (adenomatous) are premalignant lesions that can transform over the years into cancer. These premalignant lesions and early CRC are characterized by intermittent inappreciable blood loss in the stool, which can be detected with laboratory tests before the patient have clinical manifestations, which allows early detection. CRC does not usually present symptoms until it is in an advanced stage, hence the importance of early diagnosis and population screening programs. However, the symptoms that have been identified as the most common are: changes in bowel habits, digestive bleeding and abdominal pain. CRC is a global public health problem, especially in the most developed countries, and represents the first positions in both incidence and mortality. Risk factors include age (>50 years), diet, as well as family history. The usual treatment is the removal of these lesions, thus preventing them from progressing to cancer and/or treating it, if CRC already exists, with adjuvant chemoradiation therapy.

32

Authors: Ruiz Artero, M

Cancer is a genetic disease, so there are some types of cancer that can be inherited from parents. In this topic we will develop the main genetic bases of cancer, the type of mutations that occur, the mechanisms of cell repair, proliferation etc. We also see the most important syndromes of hereditary predisposition to cancer, They can be: hereditary predisposition syndrome to breast cancer and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome, colorectal cancer, family melanoma or neurofibromatosis among others. The clinical manifestations of these syndromes, the incidence in our society, the main genes involved genes such as BRCA1, PALB2 APC or NF1 and the instrumental techniques by which these alterations in genes are diagnosed, In this we find the PCR polymerase chain reaction, massive sequencing, MLPA or microarray.