Animal Research International

713 – 720

Authors: UGWU, Lawrence Linus Chukwuma, KWAJI, Peter John and MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo

Variations in the proximate compositions of three age groups of Heterobranchus bidorsalis exposed to graded concentrations of Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO) were investigated in the laboratory. The fish were exposed to 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00 ml L-1 concentrations of BLCO for 4 days (toxicity) and 42 days (recovery) periods. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and dry matter (DM) contents of the juvenile (JV), the yearling (YRL) and the adult (AD) fish were BLCO-concentration dependent. Lower CP values in the adult fish than in the juveniles or the yearlings implies that the crude oil compounds might have depleted the quantity of protein faster in the adults than in the juveniles or the yearlings. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the EE content of the fish muscle could be attributed to the harmful effects of petroleum-related aromatic compound (ACs) on animals. These ACs might have caused decreases in the muscle triglycerides of the total lipid (EE) content of the three age groups of the fish. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in the nitrogen free extract (NFE) of the fish muscle might have been due to the high energy demand imposed on the fish as a positive survival value under the condition of crude oil stress.

724 – 727

Authors: OSAKWE, Isaac Ikechukwu and UDEOGU, Rebecca Nweke

Nine (9) West African dwarf goats (8 weeks of age, averaging 6.3 + 1.3 kg body weight) were used in a 42 day feeding trial to determine the effect of feeding Pennisetum purpureum supplemented with Gmelina arborea on diet intake and nutrient digestibility of goats. The experimental diets were diets 1, 2 and 3 with 0%, 25%, 50% Gmelina arborea leaves and 100%, 75%, 50% Pennisetum purpureum inclusion respectively. The diets contained between 9.1 – 10% crude protein and the goats were fed 2.5% of body weight DM or 900 g of fresh feed per day. Result indicated lack of significant (P > 0.05) differences in the final body weight, although there were significant differences (P < 0.05) on feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency among the treatment. However, goats on diet 2 performed better than others in all production parameters measured when compared with the control diet. All the nutrients digestibility investigated were significantly affected (P < 0.01). Result obtained from this study showed that West African dwarf goats can be fed up to 25% Gmelina arborea and 75% Pennisetum purpureum inclusion in diet without loss in body weight performance.

733 – 736

Authors: EGWUI, Peter Chuks, MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo and NWUBA, Lucy Afulenu

The fecundity of four batch weights (10 samples each) of gravid Clarias gariepinus weighing 60 ± 0.17159 g, 125 ± 0.15092 g, 250 ±0.20683 g and 500 ± 0.15670 g raised from the hatchery was investigated. The paired ovary of each fish was dissected out, weighed (g) and its length measured (mm). Each paired ovary was stored in a solution of 1 % formalin in 0.6 % saline solution for at least 3 weeks for the solution to harden the eggs and remove egg clumping. After 3 weeks, each paired ovary was torn apart on a 2 mm mesh circular fabricated sieve over a stream of water. The eggs passed through the 2 mm mesh sieve into a receptacle. Sub sample of the eggs from each paired ovary was taken, counted and all the eggs in each paired ovary were determined thereafter by volumetric method. The total fecundity of 40 gravid fish studied ranged from 6,450 to 71,450 eggs per fish. The mean fecundities of the 60 g, 125 g, 250 g and 500 g fish were 8,501.9 ± 295.5, 13,364.0 ± 1734.3, 41,087.9 ± 12258.1 and 51,186.0 ± 13851.0 eggs respectively. The relationships between fecundity and fish weight (FW) (n = 40, r = 0.8761), fish total length (TL) (n= 40, r = 0.8266), fish ovarian weight (OW) (n = 40, r = 0.7609), fish ovarian length (OL) (n = 40, r = 0.7236), gonadosomatic index (GSI) (n = 40, r = 0.5992) and fish condition factor (K) (n = 40, r = 0.9046) obtained were linear and positive and the condition factor appeared to be the best predictor of fecundity in C. gariepinus studied. The higher fecundity of C. gariepinus (range: 6,450 to 71,450) obtained from this study when compared with the range of 9,000 to 25,000 earlier reported from the wild stock indicates that hatchery-raised C. gariepinus is more fecund than the wild fish in the Anambra area of the sub-region. Therefore, hatchery-raised C. gariepinus appears to be better for fish breeding in fingerlings production than the wild fish.

741 – 744

Authors: UDEH, Ifeanyichukwu

An experiment was conducted using 400 pullets each of H and N brown Nick (Strain I) and Black Olympia (Strain 2) to determine the influence of weight grouping on short term egg production traits. The two strains of layer type chickens were separated on the basis of plumage pattern and body weight at three weeks of age. The result indicates that the high bodyweight (HBW) groups were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier than the light bodyweight (LBW) categories up to the time of first egg in both strains. The HBW and LBW groups were similar in total feed to first egg in both strains. The HBW lines in strain 2 produced significantly (P < 0.05) heavier eggs at first egg, at 30 and 40 weeks compared to the LBW class. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the HBW and LBW lines in strain I for weight of first egg, egg weight at 30 and 40 weeks respectively. Henday rate of lay and total egg mass did not vary according to bodyweight groups in both strains 1 and 2. However, the light brown pullet groups (LBHBW and LBLBW) in strain I were significantly (P < 0.05) superior to the dark brown counterparts (DBHBW and DBLBW) in henday rate of lay and total egg mass. The results further showed that the HBW groups in strain 1 were significantly (P < 0.05) more efficient in converting feed to eggs than the LBW counterparts. In strain 2, there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between the HBW and LBW groups in feed per dozen eggs. The comparative performance between the two strains of chicken showed that strain I was significantly (P < 0.01) superior to strain 2 in weight of first egg, egg weight at 30 and 40 weeks and henday rate of lay respectively. The two strains of chicken were similar in body weight at first egg and feed per dozen eggs. Based on these results, the only apparent advantage of rearing the HBW and LBW pullet groups separately was in the efficiency of converting feed to eggs in strain I and in weight of first eggs, egg weight at 30 and 40 weeks in strain 2. Between the two strains of chicken, farmers may opt for strain I pullets because of its superior performance in egg number and egg weight traits.

750 – 752

Authors: UDEH, Ifeanyichukwu, EKWE, Okechukwu Okorie and AARON, Evylene

Sixteen Crossbred Weaner rabbits aged eight weeks made up of 8 males and 8 females with initial average weight of 650  21.76 g were subjected to four dietary treatments namely Panicum maximum plus Poultry growers mash (T1), Centrosema pubescens plus Poultry growers mash (T2) Sida acuta plus Poultry growers mash (T3) and Poultry growers mash alone (T4) which served as Control. The experiment, which lasted for nine weeks, was aimed at comparing the performance of the rabbits fed different forages. The results indicated that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in weight gain among the treatment groups. However the group fed Centrosema pubescens recorded the highest numerical weight gain compared with the other groups. Total feed intake and feed conversion ratio of the rabbits fed Panicum maximum, Centrosema pubescens and Sida acuta were similar but significantly (P > 0.01) higher than for rabbits fed poultry growers mash alone. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the total feed intake, total dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio and cost of feed per kg live weight gain among rabbits fed different forages. In conclusion, the results of the experiment indicated that all the forages could be used for the feeding of rabbits and that a better performance will be obtained if forages are supplemented with poultry growers mash.

758 – 761

Authors: AWI, Michael

For decades, elephants’ invasion is known to be associated with severe environmental consequences leading to escalated depletion of environmental resources (plants, water, wildlife and soil). This paper examined the effects of elephants’ activity on the environmental resources in Hong and Gombi Local Government areas of Adamawa State, considering the damage they usually cause. Data collection was by personal observation, oral interview and semi-structural questionnaires using 400 respondents. The data collected was analysed using chi-square (x2) and descriptive statistics. Results showed that the extent of damage was highly significant (P<0.01) for all the crops namely; mango, guava and orange while the types of damage done to plants, water, wildlife and soil as identified in perceived order of importance show that reduce productivity of horticultural crops (96.5%), deforestation (82.3%), water pollution (64.0%), soil erosion (60.0%), scaring of smaller wild animals (58.5%), enhance desertification (55.3%), emigration of wild animals (41.8%), blockage of water ways (35.8%) and extinction of some less resistant plant species (17.8%). Further investigation revealed that large sum of money was lost due to elephants’ activity on the horticultural crops as mango (N1,547,946.67), orange (N648,120.00) and guava (N634,600.00). This paper is of the view that management techniques such as careful culling and cropping of the elephants (97.8%), use of buffer zones (95.5%), upgrading of available forest/game reserves in the study area to National park (73.8%), demarcation of forest areas from farming activity sites using walls or ditches (64%) and mounting of resettlement programmes (46.0%) can go a long way in controlling elephant menace.

766 – 769

Authors: OKOYE, Ikem Chris

The health-care seeking behaviour of onchocerciasis infected residents of the Hawal River Valley; North Eastern Nigeria was investigated among 423 infected subjects using structured questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions and In-depth studies. The objectives of the investigations were to determine the preferred forms of treatment and management practices for different symptoms of onchocerciasis. Result obtained showed that overall; self-medication (27.2%) was the most preferred form of treatment, followed by traditional healing or herbal treatment (25.1%) while visits to hospitals/clinics (12.8%) were the least preferred. %). The differences between the number of people seeking the various types of treatment was found statistically significant (p>0.05). Generally, the form of treatment sought depended on the particular symptoms. For example, while 65.0% of those having musculoskeletal pains; 40.2% of those having pruritis and 34.8% of the visually impaired sought treatment from the drug hawkers/drug stores; none of those with LS, nodules, hydrocoele/elephantiasis and blindness patronised them. The symptoms for which treatment was sought most were musculoskeletal pains (46.7%) and pruritis (38.0%) and those for which least treatment were sought were leopard skin (1.3%) and blindness (1.3%). The result of the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) showed that screening of doors and windows was the most popular method (45.3%) of vector (Simulium) control. Personal hygiene (43.0%) and steam-bath (31.3%) were the most popular ways of prevention and management of pruritis (craw-craw) respectively while no traditional medication was found potent for the treatment or reversal of severe visual lesion and blindness.

643 – 646

Authors: UFELE, Angela Nwogor, MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo and UDE, Joan Frances

Trypanosomiasis is an important livestock disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Improvement in the host’s nutrition is important in moderating the severity of the pathophysiological effect of trypanosomiasis and it also influences the rate of recovery. Earlier researchers demonstrated that dietary supplements of selenium and vitamin E enhanced immune response in white rats. It has also been reported that during pregnancy, the immune response is depressed. Leucocyte count has been recognized as a measure of immune response. This research was therefore conducted using chicks’ marsh fortified with 80 mg of vitamin E and 0.3 mg of selenium as control (Diet 1) to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of moderate protein (combination of 250 g of corn meal, 240 g soyabean meal and 10 g of crayfish) in the chicks’ mash (Diet 2), high dietary protein (combination of 400 g of caseinogen and 300 g of soyabean meal) (Diet 3), and high dietary carbohydrate (combination of 400 g dextrose and 300 g cornmeal) (Diet 4) in the chicks’ mash on the white blood cells count and differential leucocytes count of trypanosome-infected pregnant rats. Dies 1 – 4 were given to rats in Cage A – D, respectively. The rats were infected with trypanosomes within the 10th to 14th day of pregnancy. Each experimental setup was replicated three times. On comparing the total white blood cell counts of all the rats fed different diets, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the rats in Cage A (fed Diet 1) and rats in Cage B (fed Diet 2), and similarly between rats in Cage C (fed Diet 3) and rats in Cage D (fed Diet 4). There was, however, a significant difference (P < 0.05) between rats in Cage A and rats in Cages C and D, and also between rats in Cage B and those in Cages C and D. Diet 2 with a moderate (20.01%) protein level and a balance of other nutrients produced the highest leucocytes count. Diet 2 therefore produced the highest immune response in the pregnant trypanosome-infected rats.

650 – 652

Authors: EZE, Sabinus Onyebuchi, CHILAKA, Ferdinand Chiemeka and AKUNWATA, Chima Uzoma

Lipase activity was studied in four varieties of Corn (Zea mays) namely: Local yellow (LY), Western yellow (WY), Western white (WW), and Popcorn (POP). Using emulsified olive oil as substrate, lipase was found to be present in the dry seeds of maize. Lipase activity increased with germination and reached its peak on the first day of germination for WY and LY, the third day for POP, and sixth day for WW. Lipase activity was tested for its ability to hydrolyze different emulsified oils such as groundnut oil, palm kernel oil, and soybean oil. The highest activity was with soybean oil. This high activity was correlated with the high specificity of corn lipase on linoleic acid. Thermal inactivation studies showed that the enzyme was stable up to 50oC and showed rapid inactivation above this temperature. Its optimum temperature was 50oC and the optimum pH, 8.0.

662 – 665

Authors: EZECHI, Chibuzor Uchenna and NWUBA, Lucy Afulenu

This paper describes the growth response of the developmental stages of hybrid catfish resulting from the crossing of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (male) and Clarias gariepinus (female), fed with different feed rations. Hatchlings of the hybrid catfish were cultured in plastic aquaria set up at the fish hatchery complex, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. The hatchlings were fed and observed for 91 days. Different food items such as artificially compounded feed, zooplankton / live organisms Moina sp. and Brachionus sp., and a mixture of zooplankton (Moina sp. and Brachionus sp.) and artificially compounded feed were administered. The mixture gave the best result with a mean weight of 7 92g ± 2.73g followed by those fed Moina sp. (1.93g ± 0.27) and Brachionus sp. (1.80g ± 0.32) respectively. Hatchlings fed only artificially compounded feed exhibited the poorest growth. A mixture of live food organisms and artificially compounded feed is thus recommended for better growth response of catfish hybrid, (H. bidorsalis ♂ x C. gariepinus ♀)

673 – 676

Authors: KALU, Kalu Mong., NDUKA, Florence Onyemachi and ETUSIM, Paschal Emeka

The investigation on Anopheles species in Konduga lake area, Borno State of Nigeria, was carried out to identify various Anopheles species prevalent in the area and to determine their relative population densities. Six Anopheles species were recorded, namely, A. gambiae, A. funestus, A. ziemanni, A. squamosus, A. pharoensis, and A. maculipalpis. The relative population densities of various species were higher during rainy season than during the dry season. The population densities of female Anopheles were higher than those of the males. With the exemption of A. maculipalpis, all the other Anopheles species recorded during the study are known transmitters of human malaria. A. gambiae of the A. gambiae complex was dominant in the study area. The periodic occurrence of Anopheles explains periodicity of malaria epidemiology in the study area. The high population of the female Anopheles predisposes inhabitants of the study area to incessant contact with the malaria vectors. Lake Konduga and its environments seem to satisfy the basic requirements of Anopheles mosquitoes growth and survival.

680 – 684

Authors: IDOWU, Rachel Toyosi, GADZAMA, Usman Ngamarju, ABBATOIR, Ahmed and INYANG, Nicholas Mathias

The species composition, abundance and distribution of molluscs population together with some physico-chemical variables from five different stations in the littoral region of lake Alau, Maiduguri; Borno state, were studied from October 2001 to September 2002. Three patterns of seasonal abundance were found, maximal abundance during the rainy season (July -September), moderate abundance during the harmattan season (November – February) and minimal abundance in the dry hot season (March - June). Significant differences in species composition and abundance of the molluscs were found between stations studied. The total number of organisms recorded was 3368 comprising of 1924 Bivalves and 1544 Gastropoda. 8 families were recorded which includes Bithyniidae, Hydrobiidae, Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Valvatidae, Vivipariidae, Sphaeridae and Unionidae while 15 species were observed in this study. The predominant families in terms of total number collected from all stations Sphaeridae and Unionidae recording 1006 and 933 organisms with the percentage compositions of 29.86% and 27.7%. The least was from the families Lymnaciidae with total number of 116 and 3.44% as the percentage composition. The abundance of the molluscs was positively and significantly correlated at 5% confidence with temperature (r = 0.675), dissolved oxygen (r = 0.832), phosphate (r = 0.528).

691 – 697

Authors: NWAMBA, Helen Ogochukwu, UGWU, Lawrence Linus Chukwuma, MGBENKA, Bernard Obialo and UKOKO, Lucky

The blood erythrocytic (RBC) and leucocytic (WBC) components of Heterobranchus bidorsalis juveniles exposed to different concentration of crude oil fractions were studied. Two study periods namely the toxicity and recovery periods were adopted. Lubricating engine oil (LBO), Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO), Kerosene (DPK) and premium motor spirit (PMS) were respectively applied at four concentrations 1.00, 2.00, 4.00 and 8.00 ml L-1,. Lower numbers of RBCs were recorded in fish samples exposed to the crude oil fractions than in the control fish. The comparatively high RBCs in fish during the 4 days toxicity period than during 42 days recovery periods is attributed to the greater destruction of RBCs during the toxicity period. The 4.00 ml L-1 LBO and BLCO concentration were apparently preferred by the fish to maintain a higher number of RBCs than with 1.00, 2.00, and 8.00 ml L-1 concentrations. Similarly, the 8.00 ml L-1 concentrations of DPK and PMS gave better values of RBCs than the 1.00, 2.00 and 4.00 ml L-1 concentrations. Reduced number WBCs in the fish blood during the toxicity period at concentrations of 1.00, 4.00 and 8.00 ml L-1 LBO; was recorded likely the phagocytic action of the WBCs.

702– 704

Authors: ADEYEMO, Abiodun Oluseye and FALAYE, Augustine Eyiwunmi

A sample of 27 fish was collected from the fish breeding centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Agodi, Ibadan. This sample was examined for parasitic incidence and the results showed 77.7 % parasitic prevalence while infection was not sex dependent (P > 0.05). Parasitic prevalence within the sample increases as length of fish increases. The prevalence of parasites encountered were Henneguya (3.7%), Dactylogyrus sp (11.1 %), Capillaria sp (7.4 %), unidentified larvae(7.4 %),unidentified cysts(40.7%), Dibothriocephalu sp (3.7 %), Argulus 7.4 %), Ichthophthirius (3.7 %) and Tricodina (3.7 %).

587 – 590

Authors: EZURIKE, Oluchi Augusta, EZEONU, Ifeoma Maureen, CHAH, Kennedy Foinkfu and SHOYINKA, Shodeinde Vincent

In this study, six Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from contaminated yoghurt were evaluated for enterotoxigenicity. Two o the strains were enterotoxigenic and caused fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops. Fluid aspirated from the loops was bloody and histopathological changes in sections collected from rabbit ileum, inoculated with crude enterotoxin, were characterized by circulatory disturbances, degenerative/ necrotic and inflammatory changes, including hyperaemia, fibrinous exudation and necrosis of villi epithelial cells. These findings showed that although SE are typically associated with vomiting and diarrhoea, which often abate within 24 hours, there was potential for more serious disturbances such as inflammation, tissue damage and toxic shock. Moreover, the product on of potent SE by strains isolated from commonly consumed products such as yoghurt emphasizes the need for the complete elimination of staphylococcal contaminants from foods to protect consumers.

597 – 600

Authors: NDUKUBA, Patrick Ifeanyichukwu

Changes in plasma glucose and protein concentrations in two experimental groups of albino rats, weighing 250 - 300g, were evaluated after 7 days of acclimatization to laboratory conditions and another 14 days of feeding the rats with low protein diets. Frank hypoproteinemia was evident by the low plasma protein levels and some clear physical manifestations, such as hair loss, change in skin colour, and edema. Edema was caused by lowered plasma protein concentrations. Daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 0.2 ml of testosterone for 7 days produced a statistically significant increase in plasma glucose concentrations (P < 0.01) when compared with the saline-treated controls. There was a statistically significant decrease (P <0.05) in total protein concentrations in testosterone-injected hypoproteinemic rats when compared with the control rats. These findings suggest that testosterone, in addition to its anabolic function of protein buildup in muscles, may also be involved in gluconeogenesis, the formation of plasma glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates. The hypoproteinemia rats require enough glucose to survive since glucose is the only source of energy for the mammalian brain. The mechanism of action of steroid hormones on target organ cells and the role of testosterone as a performance-enhancing drug are discussed

608 – 610

Authors: OSAKWE, Isaac Ikechukwu and EKWE, Okechukwu Okorie

Twenty-four 10-week-old crosses of (New Zealand White X Chinchilla) rabbits were used to determine relative palatability differences in leaves of Calopogonium mucunoides (Calopo), Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm), Musa sapientum (Banana) and Andropogon gayanus (Gamba). Centrosema pubescens (Centro) was included as a control. Significant differences (P < 0.01) in relative palatability index (RPI) were detected among the different forages offered. Based on their RPI rabbits preferred in descending order of magnitude Centrosema pubescens, Calopogonium mucunoides and Elaeis guineensis (RPI > 95 %) to Musa sapientum (RPI > 70 %) and Andropogon gayanus (RPI > 40 %). The preference of Oil palm leaves to Banana leaves according to the RPI ranking in this study is an interesting observation from the study.

617 – 620

Authors: ODEDEYI Dominic Olabode, FAGBENRO Oyedapo, BELLO-OLUSOJI, Oluayo and ADEBAYO, Olabode

A total of 791 elephant fish, Mormyrus rume specimens of various sizes were sampled from River Ose, southwestern Nigeria. Length-weight relationship and condition factor of the M rume specimens were studied. Their standard lengths ranged from 15.0 to 45.0 cm. The mean standard length for males, females, and combined sex were 27.86 cm, 30 08 cm, and 28.97 cm, respectively. The body weight ranged from 75.5 to 610.0 g Mean body weight for males, females, and combined sex were 167.57 g 237.38 g, and 202.48 g respectively. Length-weight relationships for males, females, and combined sex were 1.699, 2.134, and 1 990, respectively. The fish exhibited allometric growth in the river. The predictive equation was log W = -0.636 + 1 99 log L. The mean condition factor varied between seasons. The mean condition for males, females, and combined sex were 0.787, 0.859, and 0.823, respectively. The condition factor decreased with an increase in individual sizes.

626 – 629

Authors: EWUIM, Sylvanus Chima

The pitfall trap was used in the study of the dipteran populations of an abattoir and a contiguous fallow plot, in relation to their relative abundance and distribution. A total number of 140 adult species of Synydas and Stomorhina cribrata, and 400 dipteran larvae were captured at the abattoir using pitfall techniques, with correspondingly fewer species of similar dipterans trapped at the contiguous fallow plot. Significant difference existed in the trapping of the Diptera larvae with more trapped at the abattoir than the fallow plot using the Student t-test. There was also a preponderance of calliphorid species at the abattoir when the sweep net was used, with these species implicated as being potential pests of carcasses medical and forensic importance. The presence of Sarcophaga sp. and Fannia canicularis in the sweep net collection at the abattoir were also traced to the presence of decaying fall-offs from the carcass. Other possible implications of the collected dipteran species at the abattoir and its vicinity were also discussed

635 – 638

Authors: KALU, Kalu Mong, UMEHAM, Solomon Nnanna and OKEREKE, Florence

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii were studied in Lake Alau and Monguno hatchery, both in Borno State of Nigeria, for a period of two weeks. A total of 98 C. gariepinus and 140. T. zillii were measured. The length-weight regression coefficient (b) for both fishes in lake Alau was not significantly different from the hypothesized value 3, but for both fishes in Monguno hatchery (b) differed significantly from the hypothesized value. Isometric growth of both fishes was recorded in Lake Alau while a comparative decline in weight in relation to the specific length of fishes was recorded in Monguno hatchery. Furthermore, the condition of C. gareipinus in Lake Alau revealed that all size groups of the f sh grew better than those in the Monguno hatchery, while the condition of T. zillii in the Monguno hatchery was better than that in Lake Alau. Although our results suggest that C. gariepinus in Lake Alau grew faster than that cultured in Monguno hatchery, the study is not conclusive as abiotic, biotic, and sampling errors might have interplayed. The reverse is also true for the growth potentials of T. zillii in Monguno hatchery when compared to that in Lake Alau.