Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social

12

Authors: José Mendes, Durval Alcaidinho, Maura Alcaidinho, Sara Silva

Contexto e Objetivo: O desfiguramento facial revela-se um problema quando afeta a criança/adolescente e respetivos familiares. No entanto, apesar de o principal objetivo dos enfermeiros se focar qualidade dos cuidados de saúde, a maioria dos profissionais de saúde carece de competências no cuidado de crianças/jovens com desfiguramento facial. Desconhecidos estudos em Portugal, desenvolveu-se uma análise da literatura com o objetivo de apresentar resultados de investigação e contribuir com reflexões sobre a realização de futuros estudos da contribuição do enfermeiro perante o desfiguramento facial em crianças/jovens. Método: Com recurso à plataforma MeSH, validaram-se os descritores: Desfiguramento Facial; Enfermeiros; Emoções, Criança/adolescente e Pediatria; tendo-se procedido à realização de uma pesquisa individual nas bases de dados: CINAHL®; Medline; Nursing & Allied Health Collection; Cochrane Plus Collection; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews e MedicLatina, através dos operadores booleanos AND e NOT. Resultados: Num total de 92 publicações, considerando-se 22 duplicadas e 66 publicações não cumpriam os critérios de inclusão, considerando-se somente quatro publicações elegíveis. Discussão e Conclusões: As lesões na cabeça são consideradas as principais causas de mortalidade (trauma) e a Fissura do Lábio Palatino é o desfiguramento congénito mais comum. Contudo ambas afetam a qualidade de vida e a identidade da criança/jovem comprometendo o desenvolvimento biopsicossocial. Os enfermeiros, considerados como profissionais de primeira linha, deverão estar capacitados para aconselhar, apoiar, informar e colaborar com a equipa multidisciplinar, capacitando os pais de estratégias que permitam o acesso ao apoio emocional perante o desfiguramento facial e promovendo uma imagem corporal positiva como componente crítica do cuidar. Background and Aim: The self-image can be especially disruptive when dealing with facial disfigurement. Disfigurement is a problem that not only affects the child/adolescent but also has an impact on the family and relatives as well. However, although the major goal for nurses was to improve the quality of health care, most health professionals lack skills in caring for children/young people with facial disfigurement. There have been no known studies carried out in Portugal about this issue. A systematic review of the literature was developed, aiming to present research results and contribute to reflections on the future studies of nurses' contribution to facial disfigurement in children / young people. Methods: Using the MeSH platform, the following descriptors were validated: Facial Disfigurement, Nurse; Emotions; Child / Adolescent, and Pediatrics. An individual survey was carried out in the databases: CINAHL®; Medline; Nursing & Allied Health Collection; Cochrane Plus Collection; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and MedicLatina, with boolean operator AND/NOT. Results: A total of 92 publications were counted, were 22 duplicated, and 66 did not meet the inclusion criteria, considering only four eligible publications. Discussion and Conclusions: Head injuries are considered the leading causes of mortality (trauma), and Palatine Lip Fissure is the most common congenital disfigurement. However, both affect the quality of life and the identity of the child / young, compromising the biopsychosocial development. Nurses considered as first-line professionals should be able to advise, support, inform and collaborate with the multidisciplinary team, enabling parents to strategies that allow access to emotional support in facial disfigurement, promoting a positive body image as a critical component of care.

18

Authors: Daniela Veiga, Inês Trindade, Cláudia Ferreira

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar o potencial efeito mediador da autocompaixão e da ação comprometida na relação entre vergonha e sintomatologia depressiva, em pessoas sem e com diagnóstico de doença física crónica. Adicionalmente, foram exploradas as diferenças em relação a essas variáveis entre os dois grupos. Método: A amostra foi constituída por 453 participantes (223 com e 230 sem diagnóstico de doença física crónica), os quais responderam numa plataforma online a um protocolo de medidas de autorrelato de vergonha, autocompaixão, ação comprometida e sintomas depressivos. Resultados: Os participantes com diagnóstico de doença crónica apresentaram níveis significativamente (p < 0,05) superiores de vergonha e sintomatologia depressiva, e níveis inferiores de ação comprometida, comparativamente aos participantes sem doença física crónica. Contudo, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos relativamente às competências autocompassivas. As análises de correlação revelaram que a vergonha se associa negativamente à autocompaixão e ação comprometida e positivamente á sintomatologia depressiva, tanto no grupo sem como no grupo com diagnóstico de doença física crónica. Os resultados da path analysis indicaram que sentimentos de vergonha têm um impacto significativo, explicando 41% da variância da sintomatologia depressiva, parcialmente via menores níveis de autocompaixão e de ação comprometida. Os resultados da análise multigrupos demonstraram que o modelo testado é plausível nos dois grupos em estudo. Conclusões: Este estudo parece fornecer importantes contributos para a compreensão do impacto protetor das competências autocompassivas e da adoção de ações comprometidas para a saúde mental, tanto para pessoas sem como com diagnóstico de doença física crónica. De facto, os resultados sugerem que estes processos de regulação emocional são importantes mecanismos mediadores da relação entre vergonha e sintomas depressivos. Finalmente, estes dados parecem suportar o desenvolvimento de abordagens mais eficazes para a promoção da saúde psicológica para pessoas sem e com doença crónica. Aim: The current study aimed at examining the potential mediator role of self-compassion and committed action on the link between shame and depressive symptomatology in people with and without a diagnosis of chronic disease. Additionally, differences between these two groups were explored regarding these variables. Method: The sample included 453 participants (223 with chronic disease and 230 without a diagnosis of chronic disease), who completed an online survey. Results: Participants with a diagnosis of chronic disease significantly (p < 0.05) presented higher levels of shame feelings and depressive symptoms, and lower levels of committed action than participants without a chronic disease. Nonetheless, no significant differences in self-compassion abilities were found between the groups. Correlational results revealed that shame was negatively associated with self-compassion and committed action, and positively with depressive symptomatology, in both groups. Path analysis results indicated that shame feelings have a significant impact on depressive symptomatology (explaining 41% of its variance), mediated through decreased self-compassion and committed action. A multi-group analysis revealed that this model was invariant between study groups. Conclusions: This study seems to provide important contributions to understand the protective impact of self-compassionate abilities and the adoption in committed action in mental health, both for people with or without a chronic disease diagnosis. Indeed, these processes appear to be important mediating mechanisms that seem to minimize the negative effects of shame on depressive symptomatology. These findings seem to support the development of more effective approaches for the promotion of psychological health for people with or without a chronic disease diagnosis.

19

Authors: Laura Lemos, Helena Espirito-Santo, Cristiana Duarte-Figueiredo, Diana Santos, Luís Cunha, Fernanda Daniel

Introdução: O afeto positivo e negativo são duas dimensões psicobiológicas do bem-estar subjetivo (BES) relevantes para a forma como é experienciada a circunstância da recurso a apoio institucional na vida de muitas pessoas idosas. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi validar, no contexto de resposta social, uma versão breve da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), um questionário que permite avaliar o afeto positivo e negativo. Métodos: Numa amostra de 389 idosos (61 – 100 anos; M = 80,89; DP = 7,48 anos), avaliados através da PANAS, da Satisfaction With Life Scalee da Geriatric Depression Scale-8, testaram-se as propriedades psicométricas e realizou-se uma análise fatorial exploratória da PANAS. Numa segunda amostra de 383 sujeitos (60 – 99 anos; M = 80,27; DP = 7,87 anos) efetuou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória. Resultados: Obteve-se uma versão reduzida da PANAS, com 14 itens, estrutura bidimensional, adequadas consistências internas, validade convergente e divergente para o Afeto Positivo/AP e Afeto Negativo/AN. A estabilidade temporal (intervalo = 1,44 meses) foi igualmente adequada para o AP e para o AN (p < 0,001). A análise fatorial confirmatóriarevelou um ajustamento adequado para a estrutura bidimensional da PANAS-14 (AGFI = 0,91; CFI = 0,93; SRMR = 0,05; RMSEA = 0,06; PCLOSE = 0,12). Conclusão: A PANAS-14 é um instrumento breve psicometricamente adequado para a avaliação do PA e do NA em pessoas idosas em resposta social. Background: Positive and negative affect are two psychobiological dimensions of subjective wellbeing (BES) relevant to the way institutional support is experienced in the lives of many older people. Aim: The study aimed to validate, in the context of institutional support, a brief version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), a questionnaire that allows us to evaluate positive and negative affect. Methods: A sample of 389 old adults (61 – 100 years; M = 80.89; SD = 7.48 years) was assessed with the PANAS, Satisfaction With Life Scale, and Geriatric Depression Scale-8. In this sample, the psychometric properties of the PANAS were tested, and an exploratory factor analysis was performed. In the second sample of 383 subjects (60 – 99 years; M = 80.27; SD = 7.87 years), confirmatory factor analysis was executed. Results: A reduced version of PANAS was obtained, with 14 items, a two-dimensional structure, adequate internal consistency, convergent, and divergent validity for the Positive Affect/PA and Negative Affect/NA. Temporal stability (interval = 1.44 months) was equally adequate for PA and NA (p < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an adequate adjustment for the two-dimensional structure of PANAS-14 (AGFI = 0.91; CFI = 0.93; SRMR = 0.05; RMSEA = 0.06; PCLOSE = 0.12). Conclusion: The PANAS-14 is a brief psychometrically suitable tool for the assessment of PA and NA in institutionalized older adults supported by social institutions.

11

Authors: Sara Mendes, Sónia Guadalupe

[Aim: This research estimates the ratio of students per social worker in public schools in Portugal. Methods: Documentary analysis was used to collect data following three steps, with specific criteria: 1) official documentary sources were first used to identify the schools that allow hiring social workers; 2) evidence was collected of their employability in the institutional webpage of each school; 3) a database was built, at the national and regional level for continental Portugal. Results: One hundred and twelve social workers have been identified in a universe of 811 public schools (grouped and ungrouped schools). The national ratio social worker/students in all schools of continental Portugal was 1:12,086, varying between 1:8,753 and 1:22,237. The ratio in the schools that have social worker(s) was 1:1,394, varying between 1:1,210 and 1:1,768, depending on the region. Conclusions: School social workers are very residual in the public school, highlighting alarming and unequal territorial ratios social worker-students. The results make clear the disinvestment in the profession and its aims in the education field. These results call on national and European organizations of social workers to recommend ratios of students per social worker, requiring a major investment in this crucial area of social intervention.]

12

Authors: José Carlos da Silva Mendes, Susana Queirós, Marina Pedro, Marta Oliveira

Objetivo: O cyberbullying tem despertado a atenção na comunidade científica, existindo já uma maior preocupação por parte dos órgãos políticos perante um tema que se revela uma preocupação de saúde pública. Com a presente revisão sistemática da literatura pretende-se compreender a abordagem dos cuidados de saúde primários na identificação e prevenção do cyberbullying em crianças/jovens. Método: Com recurso a várias bases de dados (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science e EBSCO), pesquisaram-se artigos científicos utilizando os operadores booleanos AND e NOT com as palavras chave Cyberbullying, Child, Adolescent e Primary Health Care. Incluíram-se os artigos entre os anos 2013 e 2018 com resumo e texto completo. Resultados: Identificaram-se no total sessenta e três artigos. Vinte e três artigos eram duplicados, onze artigos eram periódicos de revistas consideradas de cariz não-científico. Após leitura integral, eliminaram-se vinte e quatro artigos, em que somente cinco cumpriram com os critérios de inclusão. Conclusão: As Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação apresentam benefícios e malefícios, onde a família/pessoa significativa e os enfermeiros desempenham um papel primordial na prevenção e antecipação de comportamentos de risco para o desenvolvimento integral da criança/jovem. Justifica-se um maior investimento na formação de profissionais de saúde, dotando-os de estratégias de avaliação e intervenção na prevenção do cyberbullying, identificando vítimas e agressores em todos os contextos (escolar, familiar, cuidados de saúde primário e emergência hospitalar). Não tendo sido encontrados estudos realizados na Europa, sugere-se maior investigação que permita melhor compreender a promoção positiva do cuidar da criança/jovem e família perante o cyberbullying. [Objective: Cyberbullying has been drawing the attention of the scientific community. Therefore, nowadays, there is a greater concern on the part of political groups towards this subject which is a public health matter. This systemic literature review aims to understand the approach of primary health care in the identification and prevention of cyberbullying in children/youth. Methods: Following descriptors Cyberbullying, Child, Adolescent, Nurse, and Primary Health Care with the Boolean operator AND/NOT in the databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EBSCO). The articles between 2013 and 2018 were taken into account, with the summary and full text. Results: Sixty-three articles were identified. Twenty-three articles were duplicates, and eleven articles were periodicals of scientific journals. After reading comprehensively, twenty-four articles were eliminated, and only five met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: Information and Communication Technologies have benefits and disadvantages, with the significant family/person and the nurses play a primary role in the prevention and anticipation of risk behaviors for the overall development of the child/youth. The present Systemic Literature Review alerts for greater investment in the training of health professionals, providing them with evaluation and intervention strategies to prevent Cyberbullying, identifying victims and aggressors in all contexts (school, family, primary health care, and emergency). Since no studies were found in Europe, more research is suggested to better understand the positive promotion of child/youth care and the family facing Cyberbullying.]

15

Authors: Maria João Varela, Cláudia Ferreira

O impacto das experiências emocionais positivas precoces e das competências autocompassivas na sintomatologia depressiva: O papel mediador de diferentes processos de regulação emocional [Background: The scientific literature supports that early emotional memories of warmth and safeness and self-compassionate abilities play a central role in adaptive emotion regulation and mental health. Further, it is pointed out that distinct mechanisms may mediate the association between emotional experiences and depressive symptoms. Method and Aim: Participants were 389 men and women from the general population, aged between 18 and 50 years old (M = 31.84; SD= 10.97), who completed a set of self-report measures of early memories of warmth and safeness, self-compassion, social safeness, experiential avoidance, and depression symptoms. The current study examined an integrative model that hypothesized that the association between early affiliative memories and self-compassionate abilities with depressive symptomatology is mediated by social closeness and experiential avoidance. Results: Results confirmed the adequacy of the tested model, which accounted for 34% of the depressive symptoms variance. Results revealed that early emotional memories of warmth and safeness and self-compassionate abilities were associated with increased depressive symptoms, through higher feelings of safeness and closeness within the social arena and lower adoption of maladaptive experiential avoidance strategies. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the clarification of the effect of early positive emotional memories and self-compassionate abilities on mental health. Moreover, present data highlight the importance of affiliative and acceptance competences as emotion regulation mediational mechanisms to promote mental health.]

21

Authors: Sónia Maria Martins Caridade, Ana Cristina Martins, Laura Nunes

Estilo de vida dos adolescentes e jovens adultos e comportamentos desviantes e delinquentes: Das vivências familiares, escolares e individuais. [Objective: Knowledge about young people's lifestyle is fundamental for identifying and intervening in risk behaviors. It is also important for promoting opportunities for young people's development. So, the present article aims to characterize adolescents' and young adults' lifestyle and their possible delinquent behaviors. Method: The sample included 80 adolescents and young adults (M= 19.00, SD= 2.60 years old), 56% of the males. For the purpose of collecting data, we created a questionnaire for this study. Results: The participants reported lack of parental supervision, no rules enforcement; the occurrence of conflicts with peers, teachers, and school staff, as well as absence of study habits and extracurricular activities; they also admitted to spending more time with peers than with family. They also admitted that they had already adopted different deviant and delinquent or even criminal conduct (e.g., assaults against colleagues, teachers and school staff, causing intentional damage to another person's objects, being involved with deviant peer groups, and having practices like the invasion of private property, thefts, and drug trafficking). The male sex assumed more of these behaviors. Conclusions: Therefore, in order to prevent crime, it is important to develop efforts to consider the group of adolescents and young adults who are already demonstrating antisocial behavior, given their greater risk for the development of future forms of social maladjustment, also affecting the school and family environment.]