Black Sea Scientific Journal of Academic research

9-15

Authors: Gavrilyuk Ivanna Ivanovna

One of the main challenges the industry is to provide people with food. One of the important branches of livestock cattle is Ukraine, which provides the public are essential products such as milk and beef, valuable raw materials for the food processing industry. Overcoming the crisis in farming is impossible without the introduction of new methods of economic management in the operation of the production market farming. Improving the efficiency of milk production and beef associated with the implementation of complex economic, institutional, social and legal measures at the state level in the region. In the prospect of improvement of the socio-economic consisting of the state will provide the increase of profits of population and proper growth of demand on the products of stock-raising. But then the cattle breeding must develop on innovative basis with bringing in of the best domestic and foreign technologies, plant-breeding achievements. The measures of state support of industry must be concentrated on support of highly technological productions, stimulation of realization of the regional modernization programs, projects, able to accelerate the transition of industry to the high-quality new technological level which will allow to go out on providing of new quality of life and make a competition in the world market of products of animal origin. Priority public support should receive specialized breeding, which does not require large capital investments, the use of significant amounts of grain forage, and is based on the significant potential feeding through effective use of meadows and pastures. Key words: livestock, agricultural enterprises, number of animals, production.

21-26

Authors: Vasyliuk Petro

The article features historic and research analysis of governmental and departmental decrees and instructions according to the results of the State Commission on Cereal Crops Examination during the years of the Second World War. Its organizational structure and changes occurring due to the military actions, are disclosed. Research trends for variety testing plots and laboratories are described. The article establishes that the vents of the Second World War has left their mark on the development and arrangement of the domestic agricultural science, the research industry and plant variety examination, in particular. In those times, the State Commission on Cereals Varietal Examination and the State Commission on Technical Examination were directly managed by the USSR People's Commissariat for Agriculture (the People’s Commissariat for Agriculture). The People's Commissariat for Agriculture of Ukrainian SSR was managing the State Commission on Variety Testing of the Vegetable, Gourds Crops and Fodder Root Crops and the Technical Council. Despite the battle front approaching the borders of USSR the State Commission persisted with its routines expending its tasks. In particular, in 1939 the Ukrainian SSR for a first time introduced state examination of fruit, berry crops and grapes; in 1940 – oil crop varieties, namely; Ricinus, ground nut, seasam, Perilla frutescens, Lallemantia, oil flax, mustard, Carthamus L., pop, thereby the State Commission for Cereals Examination under the Ukrainian SSR People's Commissariat for Agriculture stabled the Department of Oil Crops. In January 1941 there was a first variety testing plot arranged in Mykholayiv region for a crop of Sothern hemp. Among the most important decisions aimed at examining and disseminating the plant varieties of agricultural crops at the beginning of 40th years there was an adoption by People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the varietal zoning. Its development has been made against soil and climatic conditions as singled out within the regions and republics of ex-Soviet Union according to the soil examinations completed. The varietal zoning has enabled to select eligible varieties and that subject to serial multiplication. Such an arrangement of the works resulted in the adoption of the Special Procedure and Farming Practice of the Varity Testing on March 17, 1940. Content of the document incorporated recommendations and directions relevant to the workflow and the management of observation documents, the conduct of general and phenological, phytopathologic, etymologic and meteorological observations etc. Since 1940, a new procedure for plant variety assessment had been introduced, namely their economical suitability for the production, at collective farm fields, which was aimed at describing the promising varieties under varying conditions of production inside the inter-region areas and was a vehicle for varieties popularization and their introduction into collective farm fields. Virtually any regions, territories and republics of the Soviet Union have their plant variety plots, apart from variety testing, engaged into the works on scrutinizing local farming practices, as well as used for the conduct of additional, in particular, procedural trials. One of the prevailing research targets was to compare the rates of sowing and nutrition area (as for cultivated (weeded) crops) for certain varieties of the crop. A single procedure was applied for all the variety plots in the republic to compare six sowing rates for spring wheat and barley. The follow-up group of issues for variety plots to deal with related to the quality and the origin of seed material. The research was focused on the impact on crops yield of seed of varying origin, weight etc. Quite a lot of consideration was given to the issue of mechanical powering for the harvesting and sowing works; in particular, the State Commission of Variety Testing submitted a design of grain harvester aided with frontal header developed with its own means. As for that day, three laboratories of State Commission were operating in the Soviet Union, namely as follows: seed control, milling&baking and chemical. Hence during 1939 to 1945 the State Commission of Cereals Variety Testing did not terminate its operation on examining the agricultural crops. During the above period, new agricultural crops were introduced into examination, program of examination was considerably extended, plant variety examination procedure was developed, etc. That resulted into a doubled number of varieties engaged into official trials, thus a number of zoned varieties in various soil and climatic conditions increased, too. Keywords: state plant variety testing, historic and research analysis, variety, agricultural crops, variety testing plots.

32-35

Authors: Arabadjiev Dmitriy

Public authorities’ Interaction with civil society institutions is one of the most important strategic conditions of development of Ukraine as a legal, democratic and social state. Prerequisite for this dialogue is to implement public monitoring as a method of observing, tracking of general trends and changes that take place in the society. Review of monitoring in a variety of fields in science is under attention. However, it should be stated that in general the problem of public monitoring explored insufficiently. There is no comprehensive approach to the analysis of the problem of public monitoring. Monitoring as a tool for observing, tracking of general trends and changes that take place in the society, has been widely used in various spheres of life such as economics, politics, education, information technologies etc. It’s become important to use monitoring technologies in the socio-political sphere. In public monitoring gaining data is always purposeful and perceivable process. In addition, it provides not only obtaining , but also a special selection of information with a view to its use in accordance with the goals of public monitoring. Public monitoring structure meets its primary aim – so, public monitoring provides for subject of monitoring and object of monitoring and subject and object relations. Public monitoring is a special activity. It’s subject are civil society institutions, individuals, representatives of other states, endowed with appropriate rights. The object of public monitoring are processes (and its members) and the phenomenon of social and political spheres that are relevant to the subject of monitoring. While characterizing the public monitoring the problematic aspects of public monitoring in Ukraine should be indicated. The first one is the absence of the customer and the consumer of the public monitoring results in Ukraine today. The second aspect is the necessity of providing high professional level of monitoring activities. These aspects relate to subjective side of public monitoring first of all. As for monitoring facilities, the difficulty lies in the need for authorities’ leaders’ goodwill to implement some form of public monitoring, for example, interviews with employees of public authorities. Finally, in the case of enforcement trends dominance in the state, repressive measures to external "controllers" are possible, as it was in Soviet times. The main purpose of monitoring is information. But in the context of the functional purpose of public monitoring it can be considered as a multi-tool, which integrates the functions of diagnostics, pragmatization, prognostification. Furthermore, it should be noted that public monitoring is aimed not only at establishing compliance between processes participants’ actions (objects of monitoring )and the existing legislation, as well as correction of deviations. Moreover, the correction function can be accomplished by appealing to the power structures or to public opinion. In accordance with the object of public monitoring, its functions are narrowed and clarified. Keywords: monitoring, observing, diagnostics, pragmatization, prognostification, correction.

40-44

Authors: Sergey Tkachenko

The purpose of the article speaks about the possibility of the presentation of the concept of education analytical information processing system, which will enable, based on a variety of management requests, in-depth study of various aspects of industrial enterprises and industrial associations and their internal divisions as a whole for any calendar periods of time, which will significantly improve the effectiveness of control systems. Despite the fact that a large contribution to the development of economic analysis as a science made his labours scientists, economists, issues related to the formation of an integrated system of analytical information processing corresponding deep scientifically oriented lighting was not found. The study was conclusively proved the concept of the formation of a systematic methodology of analytical information processing, which consists in the fact that it significantly extends the analysis functions in industrial enterprises and industrial associations, strengthens its administrative aspect. Taken together, the various types of analysis (prospective, retrospective, operational, comparative, problem-oriented and functional-cost), form a system of analytical information processing, enable, based on a variety of management requests, in-depth study of various aspects of industrial enterprises and industrial associations and their internal divisions as a whole for any calendar periods of time, which significantly improves the efficiency of management systems and so on. Among the prospects for further research in this area of particular relevance is different question related to justification of the indisputable fact that the functional development of the control system – a key factor in increasing the efficiency of production and business activities of industrial enterprises and industrial associations. Further development of the analysis function can lead to the replacement of traditional economic analysis of economic activity on a functional subsystem developed analytical processing of information with in-depth use of the concept of paradigm methodologically sound approach. Key words: Data analysis, analyzes, enterprise (association), systemic methodology, administrative aspect.

50-54

Authors: Novikovа Innola

The transition to a new quality of economic growth in developed countries is accompanied by radical structural changes in the national economy. First, sharply reduced the share and role of material production as the gross domestic product (GDP), and in the employment. On the "offer" is an industrial labor productivity growth, which leads to reduction in the number employed in material production. On the "demand" is shifting in favor of services because with the increase in living standards and increase profitability of enterprises changing structure of production and personal consumption. Together with the decrease of the relative role of material production is accelerated growth and rapid market development services - education, health, finance, tourism, infrastructure, business etc. From the standpoint of a systematic approach to say that competitiveness is influenced by environmental factors the company, its competitive environment and internal status, which in turn is driven by the level of potential competitive telecommunications company. Macro creates general conditions of stay in the environment. In most cases, the macro does not have a specific character, in relation to a single company. From the external environment of the enterprise, especially a market that is growing rapidly, we are referring to the telecommunications market. It is necessary to allocate immediate environment - these are the components of the environment with which the company is in close interaction. Competitive telecommunications company - is a relative quantity that characterizes the real and potential businesses in the current environment to design, produce and sell goods (works, services ), which are important characteristics are more attractive to consumers than their competitors' products, while the company in the short and long term has the opportunity to reach their goals. We believe that we should distinguish between the real and potential competitiveness. Real competitiveness is determined be ex market share compared to major competitors. The real competitive offer flag as competitive status of enterprise telecommunications. Potential competitiveness is determined by the combined competitive potential of the company, which consists of personnel, intellectual, organizational, informational, industrial, technological, financial, investment, marketing, innovation potentials. These potentials are treated as interpenetrating, interrelated, interdependent, organizing the synergy of all of the potential of the company. To ensure this relationship is proposed to introduce the term "cumulative competitive potential of the company". The total competitive potential should be interpreted as the degree of power level facilities to ensure its competitiveness due to the available resources at the disposal of the company and company's ability to use them effectively and play. Of the total capacity of the competitive potential of the selected group, which includes marketing, innovation, intellectual and informational potential to provide a decisive impact on the competitiveness of the telecommunications company. It is this group of potentials allows the company to gain and maintain a competitive advantage in this regard, this group of potential as a strategic emphasis. Since the level of competitiveness of enterprise telecommunications is largely determined by the components of its strategic potential, to increase the competitiveness necessary to raise the level of the components of the strategic potential - marketing, innovation, information and intellectual potentials. Enhancing the intellectual potential of the telecommunications company necessitates the use of knowledge management and artificial intelligence. The proposed scheme improve the competitiveness of enterprise management mechanism Telecommunications quite versatile and provides the possibility of any action being planned now aiming at increasing its competitiveness. This is due, firstly, the use of an extensive system of indicators that reflect the influence of factors increase the competitiveness of enterprises and cover all aspects of its activities, and secondly, extensive simulation, in which is set a real degree of dependence of the competitiveness of enterprises on the specific parameters of its operation ; in the third, planning target ratios, the achievement of which result from the implementation of appropriate measures ensuring the growth of competitiveness of enterprises, and, fourthly, targeted combination of these ratios with the system motivate employees, which allows you to monitor and adjust performance targets. Keywords: competitiveness, enterprise, telecom

59-63

Authors: Nataliya Kovalenko

The article is sanctified to research of scientific achievements of prominent agriculturist-farmer of ХІХ century, first doctor of agricultural sciences, professor of the Saint Petersburg University, author of famous book on development of agriculture of А. V. Sovetov. On the basis of historical sources the contribution of scientist is analyzed to development of crop rotations in the systems of agriculture and their further improvement. It is certain that a scientist first set forth a concept about the systems of agriculture and gave classification to them. He considered that different forms that or other method of till of earth is expressed in that, it is accepted to name the systems of agriculture. Arguing against emulating West Europe, a scientist suggested adjusting the replacement of plants crop rotations to the terms of Russia. Professor А. V. Sovetov is legally considered one of founders of development of the replacement of plants crop rotations. The scientific achievements got by him in relation to the improvement of crop rotations in the systems of agriculture presented a considerable contribution to development of agrarian science and education. It is set that the scientific achievements of scientist comprehensively represent the basic stages of development of home science about development of crop rotations in the systems of agriculture, are valuable theoretical and practical material for scientists and specialists of agriculture. А. V. Sovetov defined the level of culture of agriculture and development of agriculture expansion of field to sow of grass that induces news economy on scientific basis. A scientist proved convincingly, that sowing of long-term herbares on the fields not only assisted development of stock-raising but also restore and promote fertility of soil. On this basis, in Russia long-term herbares and their mixtures began to sow on the fields far before, than in West Europe. Key words: А. V. Sovetov, scientific achievements, historical development, crop rotations, world agriculture, agricultural cultures, forecrops.

69-73

Authors: Valeriy Yermilov

Medical insurance and related to it insurance medicine remains of the most immediate interest in the independent Ukraine nowadays. The examination of native historical experience in this matter can suggest solution of a current problem. The aim of our work was research and presentation of medical insurance development as well as that of insurance medicine in the South of Ukraine, where these processes were most intensive. For a long time afflictions, caused by manufacturing with the impact on workers, were neglected in the Russian Empire. Upward 70th of the XIX century the situation began to intensify extremely. The efficient way out was to initiate social insurance of the hired workers. The South of Ukraine was one of the country regions, where industry and agriculture were intensively developing. As early as 1891 the district doctor of Elisavetgrad in Kherson Gubernia Voitsechovskiy A.I. stated for the first time the necessity of insurance of the injured workers, while he examined agricultural injury rate, that was rapidly growing. Notable in zemsky medicine Teziakov N.I., Kudriavtsev P.F, Khizhniakov V.V. also suggested insurance of the workers at the expense of the employers in their famous works about the arrived agricultural workers of Kherson and Taurida Gubernia in 90th. But the issue of workers insuring in agriculture, that was substantiated by zemsky doctors of Kherson Gubernia and time and again supported at Russia-wide congresses, was not tackled in Tsarist Russia. The problem of supporting the injured workers was even more daunting at industrial institutions. In Odessa as early as 1894 the owners of 22 factories and plants insured in local commercial all-in insurance companies 1003 workers. In 1896 in all Kherson Gubernia 3003 workers were insured at 60 enterprises. But soon it came out, that such commercial insurance was not beneficial: the injured workers got only ¼ of the insurance premium, paid by the employers, and ¾ was the revenue of private insurance companies. For this reason factory inspection and some liberal industrialists put forward the initiative of establishing their own insurance organization on a reciprocal basis. Since October 10, 1899 “Odessa mutual injury insurance association of manufacturers and handworkers with their workers” started to operate and was spread to Kherson and Bessarabskaja Gubernia. From 1900 till 1909 this Association insured 67 294 workers and 320 872 Ruble 88 Kopeck were paid back to injured 4493 workers on account of death, injury or disease, which amounts 81,65% from all insurance payments of employers by contrast to 23,9% of the previous commercial insurance. The mutual insurance associate also tended to develop medical aid services for the insured workers. In Odessa it entered into agreement with the Red Cross hospital and private ambulance station and even in its own office it arranged medical aid for the injured workers. In 10 years the costs of the Association for treatment and expert examination of labor capacity of the injured workers amounted 10 335 Ruble 87 Kopeck. With the assistance of the Insurance Association a group of doctors founded 1909 in Odessa “Consulting bureau for examination of workers and other persons, accidently injured”, where workers of Taurida, Kherson, Bessarabskaja and Podolskaja Gubernia applied to. So gradually the system of insurance medicine was being formed in the region. Now it can be seen that at the end of the XIX century preconditions for accident insurance of agricultural and industrial workers were developed in the South of Ukraine. As opposed to agricultural production, the employers of the industrial production started the optional insurance at first as a commercial, and then as a more beneficial mutual insurance. Therewith medical aid for injured and sick workers by means of insurance began to develop, as well as medical examination of labor capacity. These preconditions of medical insurance and insurance medicine, developed at the beginning of the XX century, were the first in Ukraine and one of the first in the Russian Empire. Key words: medical insurance, insurance medicine, insured workers, employers, South of Ukraine.

78-83

Authors: Dmytro Didukh

The influence of innovative capital on the market value of innovation-active enterprises is characterized in the article. It is proved that as a result of innovation processes new tools, methods, forms and technologies of production appear. Therefore the high quality of the produced goods (services), the highest possible levels of sales, cash flow and an early increase in the market value of the enterprise are provided. We propose to classify the consequences of usage of innovative capital as follows: the effect of the value creation and the impact on the financial performance of the enterprise. In its turn, the effect of the value creation can be characterized by the processes of direct and indirect value creation. The article discusses the process of identifying individual patterns of reflection of such effects in the accounting system. The results of the processes of direct value creation find their display in the form of tangible and intangible assets on the relevant accounting records and in the balance sheet in the form of initial value, residual value, fair value, net initial value, net present value and net market values. The need to consider the processes of indirect value creation as an internal enterprise goodwill was justified. Detailed analysis of the scientific literature showed that there is no single approach to evaluation and accounting of internal enterprise goodwill. It was suggested to display intangible assets on the balance sheet, in particular on a separate account "Goodwill" and in the notes to the financial statements. Such an approach simplifies the procedure of displaying of goodwill, without violating the fundamental principles and objectives of accounting and correctly determines the overall financial result. The research characterizes the impact of innovations on the financial performance of business entities. The system of indicators to assess such impact was ordered. We propose to use the absolute indicators that are reflected in financial statements: net sales, cost of sales, gross profit, administrative expenses, created financial result, net financial result. The relative indicators will be following: profitability of economic activity, return of equity, product profitability, profitability of investments in innovation, return of assets of the company, the growth rate on equity, return on assets rate, labor productivity, materials consumption, its gearing ratio. The findings are summarized in an improved accounting model of market value of the enterprise in which innovative component is proposed to be displayed. Key words: innovative capital, market value of the enterprise, accounting and analytical support, innovation, goodwill, assessment, financial indicators.

89

Authors: Gulyaev Anna, Gulyaev Boris, Bogdan Mikhail

As you know, one of the important functions of phosphorus in the cell is the energy supply processes of growth and reproduction of living matter. It falls in the middle of the cell in the form of inorganic phosphate resulting in the active transport and is quickly activated in a variety of organic compounds and inorganic condensed phosphates - polyphosphates. Phosphorus is included in these compounds as a result of two main reactions - phosphorylation and phosphorylation in chloroplasts, coupled with the wind in the mitochondria. The plants use the energy - energy bonds of ATP produced by the process of photosynthesis for growth and metabolic processes related to energy costs : CO2 assimilation, absorption of various organic and inorganic compounds, the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and inorganic polyphosphates. Showing close connection with phosphorus energy processes in a cell can be traced back to plants with different types of metabolism are sensitive to phosphorus nutrition, such as sugar beet and winter wheat. Since no active transport of nutrients to maintain homeostasis cannot be both at the cellular level and the whole plant level, the level of phosphorus is an essential factor that contributes to the level of biochemical processes at membrane level and energy basis for the maintenance of these processes due to the energy -energy relations. Root uptake and transport of nutrients is closely linked to the processes of metabolism and energy in plant organisms, the vitality and growth, as above-ground organs and roots. The process of respiration is a source of energy required for the uptake of mineral nutrients. This is due to a close relationship between the intensity of the absorption of nutrients by plants and respiration rate. For normal growth and root respiration need a constant supply of energy to it material - the products of photosynthesis (carbohydrates and other organic compounds) from the overhead organs. With the weakening of photosynthesis decreases the formation and transport of assimilates in the roots, resulting and reduced absorption of nutrients from the soil. The phosphate fertilizers need use for the formation of high plant productivity. This is a question exacerbated by the inaccessibility of this element for plants and limited resources reserves of phosphate deposits. Particularly important is the study of phosphorus nutrition of plants in relation to the acidity of the soil where its availability is further reduced. So, from the world's reserves, the total area of acid soils is approximately 30 %. In particular, the area of acidic soils in Ukraine is 3.5 million hectares. Increase the acidity of the substrate is one of the main factors that negatively affect not only the growth and development of plants, but also on the activity of soil microorganisms, absorption and assimilation of nutrients, the activity of enzymes and plant productivity as a whole. Such violations cannot be completely eliminated even after the increase in acidic soils. In connection with the above, the purpose of our study was to investigate the influence of the conditions of phosphorus and acidity of the substrate on morphogenesis, the functional activity of the root cells, the photosynthetic apparatus, gas exchange of CO2 and plant productivity sugar beet and winter wheat Keywords: sugar beet, winter wheat, phosphorus nutrition, acidity, functional activity of the root cells, the photosynthetic apparatus, productivity.