INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Number 6(5), 2018

161-180
Body Composition Analysis of Undergraduate Students Using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method and their counseling on diet and lifestyle

Authors: Gupta Swaroopa Rani N

Abstract

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Number of views: 823

Present paper deals with body composition analysis of undergraduate students using bioelectrical impedance analysis method and their counseling on diet and lifestyle. Bioelectrical impedance analysis method involves determination of Body Weight, Body Fat Percentage, Segmental Subcutaneous Fat Percentage (Whole Body, Trunk, Arms and Legs), Visceral Fat percentage, Segmental Skeletal Muscle Percentage (Whole Body, Trunk, Arms and Legs), Resting Metabolism, Body Mass Index and body Age. Results are interpreted in terms of ideal weight, overweight, underweight, Period required for weight Loss / Gain at the rate of 1.5 kg per month, Period required for wt maintenance, Fat %, Subcutaneous Fat % (Trunk), Visceral Fat %, Skeletal Muscle % (Whole body), RM, BMI, Body Age. It also highlights correct weight reduction and instructions for better health improvement and weight loss, weight gain and weight maintenance programme. For ideal weight management and for a more accurate and precise body composition analysis full Body Sensing Technology Karada Scan Body Composition Monitor – HBF-375 is used. Karada Scan measures body resistance by using weak current flowing through both hands and both feet (Bioelectrical Impedance / Biological resistance method). Tissues with more water content in human body tend to conduct electricity (such as muscle and vein) easily. Fat tissue almost conducts no electricity. The body feature is used to calculate percentage of fat tissue and non fat tissue. Current flowing through human body is very weak (50 KHz, 500A), which is not stimulant and is very safe to human body. In order to obtain body fat and other data from resistance between both hands and both feet, the five items, i.e. resistance value, height, weight, age and gender are required, which are obtained in accordance with basic human data collected by the company independently. There is little scope for technician error as such, but factors such as eating, drinking and exercising must be controlled since hydration level isan important source of error in determining the flow of the electric current to estimate body fat. It is important to know our biological age. If we know where the problems exist, we can initiate the lifestyle modifications necessary to improve our health and increase our vitality. Maintaining an ideal weight can help prevent obesity or weight loss and other diseases, and lead a longer life. We should build up non-fat physique by increasing skeletal muscle and improving resting metabolism. Complementing exercise along with a proper diet is the key to a healthy lifestyle. In today’s world, exercising routine is regarded imperfect without vital elements called Bodybuilding supplements. They act as a fuel for our body and boost sporting performance. Herbalife is a world leader in the wellness industry. Their products do detoxification and cleansing of body systems from the inside, weight management, supplementation, anti-aging, prevent future diseases. Among these are Aloe Plus Tablet, Afresh, Cell -U -Loss Tablet, Personalized Protein Powder, Nutritional Shake Mix, Multivitamin Mineral and Herbal Tablet, Cell Activator Tablet, Activated Fiber Tablet for better weight management. .

181-198
Applications of gold nano particles in medical research and cosmetics

Authors: Gupta Swaroopa Rani N

Abstract

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Number of views: 756

Over centuries, Gold nano particles have been used by artists due to the vibrant colors produced by their interaction with visible light. Optical property of Gold nano particles is utilized in various technological applications, such as sensory probes, organic photo voltaic, catalysis, electronic conductors, therapeutic agents, medical applications, and drug delivery. The electronic as well as optical properties of nano particles of gold such as surface chemistry, size, shape, etc. can be fine tuned and used accordingly. Colloidal gold is a sol or colloidal suspension of submicrometre-size nanoparticles of gold in a fluid, usually water. The liquid is usually either an intense red colour (for particles less than 100 nm) or blue/purple (for larger particles). Due to the unique optical, electronic, and molecular-recognition properties of gold nanoparticles, they are the subject of substantial research, with applications in a wide variety of areas, including electron microscopy, electronics, nanotechnology, and materials science. The properties of colloidal gold nanoparticles, and thus their applications, depend strongly upon their size and shape. For example, rod like particles have both transverse and longitudinal absorption peak, and anisotropy of the shape affects their self-assembly. The synthesis of colloidal gold was crucial to the 4th-century Lycurgus Cup, which changes color depending on the location of light source. Later it was used as a method of staining glass. During the Middle Ages, soluble gold, a solution containing gold salt, had a reputation for its curative property for various diseases. Modern scientific evaluation of colloidal gold did not begin until Michael Faraday's work in the 1850s. Faraday recognized that the color was actually due to the miniature size of the gold particles. He noted the light scattering properties of suspended gold microparticles, which is now called Faraday-Tyndall effect. With advances in various analytical technologies in the 20th century, studies on gold nanoparticles has accelerated. Advanced microscopy methods, such as atomic force microscopy and electron microscopy, have contributed the most to nanoparticle research. Due to their comparably easy synthesis and high stability, various gold particles have been studied for their practical uses. Different types of gold nanoparticle are already used in many industries, such as medicine and electronics. For example, several FDA-approved nanoparticles are currently used in drug delivery. Generally, gold nanoparticles are produced in a liquid ("liquid chemical methods") by reduction of chloroauric acid (H[AuCl4]). After dissolving H[AuCl4], the solution is rapidly stirred while a reducing agent is added. This causes Au3+ ions to be reduced to Au+ions. Then a disproportionation reaction occurs whereby 3 Au+ ions give rise to Au3+ and 2 Au0 atoms. The Au0 atoms act as center of nucleation around which further Au+ ions gets reduced. To prevent the particles from aggregating, some sort of stabilizing agent that sticks to the nanoparticle surface is usually added. This paper focuses review on Applications of gold nanoparticles in medical research which includes in vitro assays, cancer therapy, drug delivery, tumor detection, gene therapy, photothermal agents, radiotherapy dose enhancer, detection of toxic gas, gold nanoparticle based biosensor, optical biosensor, electrochemical biosensor and applications of gold nanoparticles in cosmetics. Paper also deals with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images and FTIR spectra of Gold Bhasma medicine. This research, along with better regulation and reporting, will enable consumers to choose products with confidence. This in turn will allow companies to benefit from these novel technologies in the long term while retaining customer confidence. There are a lot of cosmetics companies that have been using gold nanoparticles in different products such as Day and Night creams, eye serums, and facial masks. The cosmetics industry has discovered multiple positive effects of gold nanoparticles, and the gold infused products has gained popularity due to its luxury appeal and effective therapeutic effects. The nanoparticles can also aid the faster delivery of vitamins and minerals to the skin, as it is in the smallest and most perfect form to stimulate the blood circulation in the skin with a gentle massage in its application. Gold has always been known to aid in healthy skin cell regeneration, especially in its nanoparticle form. They can gently stimulate the skin cells for a better cell renewal, which in turn gives the skin better elasticity and also improves the skin tone. Morphological graphs of the Gold Bhasma medicine samples are provided by scanning electron microscopy (Digital Scanning Electron Microscope - JSM 6100 - JEOL) with a Link analytical system operating at 15 KV (acceleration voltage) and transmission electron microscope (Transmission Electron Microscope, Hitachi H-7500, 120 kV). Scanning Electron Microscope images of Gold Bhasma medicine shows that the material mainly consisted of spherical to dumbbell shaped particles with 5–10 μm in diameter, and has a smaller aggregated particle size. Although the majority of material consists of micrometer grains, smaller particles with nanoscale (10–20 nm) are also present in the TEM images. Transmission Electron Microscope images of Gold Bhasma medicine shows that the material mainly consisted of spherical to dumbbell sized particles with 10–20 nm in diameter, and has a smaller aggregated particle size. Investigations well confirm the presence of gold particles with nanometric size between 10 and 20 nm. FTIR can be routinely used to identify the functional groups and identification/quality control of raw material/finished products. FTIR spectra of Gold Bhasma medicine is obtained at room temperature by using an FTIR SPECTROPHOTOMETER - Perkin Elmer - Spectrum RX-IFTIR. The spectra is collected in a range from 450 to 4000 cm− 1. Interpretation of FTIR Spectra of Gold Bhasma medicine shows presence of various functional groups such as Alkane - Ethyl, n - propyl, tertiary butyl; Alcohols - Secondary CH–OH; Aromatic – Monosustituted Benzene , Ortho disustituted Benzene , Meta disustituted Benzene , Vicinal trisustituted Benzene.

199-113
Micro and nanocrystalline diamond skin care products and their applications

Authors: Gupta Swaroopa Rani N

Abstract

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Number of views: 615

A diamond is transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms in a covalent network lattice (sp3) that crystallizes into the diamond lattice which is a variation of the face centered cubic structure. Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. Diamonds are naturally lipophilic and hydrophobic, which means the diamonds' surface cannot be wet by water but can be easily wet and stuck by oil. This property can be utilized to extract diamonds using oil when making synthetic diamonds. However, when diamond surfaces are chemically modified with certain ions, they are expected to become so hydrophilic that they can stabilize multiple layers of water ice at human body temperature. Diamonds, the most precious gemstones, have been widely recognized for their exceptional powers and miraculous therapeutic abilities. This review attempts to guide the reader between the various micro and nanocrystalline diamond skin care products and their applications, with a particular focus on Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream. Paper also deals with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images and FTIR spectra of Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream. This research, along with better regulation and reporting, will enable consumers to choose products with confidence. This in turn will allow companies to benefit from these novel technologies in the long term while retaining customer confidence. Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream combines advanced technology with luxurious ingredients to target all the effects of ageing for younger looking skin. It provides all the skin’s needs in one product. With this skin appears younger, firmer and brighter, wrinkles and the fine lines appear plumped out, facial contours look redefined. This exceptional beauty treatment contains a Diamond Elixir and an Eternal Beauty Complex that work together to fight against the visible signs of ageing for a younger looking skin. Morphological graphs of the Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream samples are provided by scanning electron microscopy (Digital Scanning Electron Microscope - JSM 6100 - JEOL) with a Link analytical system operating at 15 KV (acceleration voltage) and transmission electron microscope (Transmission Electron Microscope, Hitachi H-7500, 120 kV) Scanning Electron Microscope images of Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream shows that the material mainly consisted of spherical particles with 5–10 μm in diameter, and has a smaller aggregated particle size. Although the majority of material consists of micrometer or grains, smaller particles with nanoscale (10–20 nm) are also present in the TEM images. Transmission Electron Microscope images of Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream shows that the material mainly consisted of spherical particles with 10–20 nm in diameter, and has a smaller aggregated particle size. Investigations well confirm the presence of diamond crystals with nanometric size between 10 and 20 nm. FTIR can be routinely used to identify the functional groups and identification/quality control of raw material/finished products. FTIR spectra of Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream is obtained at room temperature by using an FTIR Spectrophotometer - Perkin Elmer - Spectrum RX-IFTIR. The spectra is collected in a range from 650 to 4000 cm− 1. Interpretation of FTIR Spectra of Diamond Cellular Anti-Ageing Cream shows presence of various functional groups such as Alkane - Ethyl, n - propyl, Iso propyl, tertiary butyl; Alkene - Vinyl –CH=CH2, –CH–CH– (Trans), –CH–CH– (Cis), >CH=CH2, >CH=CH–; Acids – Carboxylic acids COOH; Alcohols - Primary alcohols CH2–OH, Secondary CH–OH, Aromatic –OH; Aldehydes - Aliphatic Aldehydes –CH2CHO, Aromatic Aldehydes – CHO; Anhydrides – Normal anhydrides C–CO–O–CO–C, Cyclic anhydrides ; Aromatic – Meta disustituted Benzene , Vicinal trisustituted Benzene , Monosustituted Benzene –; Amides – Amide –CO–NH2; Amines – –NH2 , Primary amines CH2–NH2; Amines (Cont) – Hydrochloride C–NH3+Cl-; Imines – Substituted Imines >C=N–C; Ethers - Aliphatic ethers CH2–O–CH2, Aromatic Ethers - –O– CH2; Esters – Acetates –CH2–CO–O–R, Acrylates =CH–CO–O–R, Fumarates =CH–CO–O–R, Maleates =CH–CO–O–R, Benzoates, phthalates –CO–O–R. an important source of error in determining the flow of the electric current to estimate body fat. It is important to know our biological age. If we know where the problems exist, we can initiate the lifestyle modifications necessary to improve our health and increase our vitality. Maintaining an ideal weight can help prevent obesity or weight loss and other diseases, and lead a longer life. We should build up non-fat physique by increasing skeletal muscle and improving resting metabolism. Complementing exercise along with a proper diet is the key to a healthy lifestyle. In today’s world, exercising routine is regarded imperfect without vital elements called Bodybuilding supplements. They act as a fuel for our body and boost sporting performance. Herbalife is a world leader in the wellness industry. Their products do detoxification and cleansing of body systems from the inside, weight management, supplementation, anti-aging, prevent future diseases. Among these are Aloe Plus Tablet, Afresh, Cell -U -Loss Tablet, Personalized Protein Powder, Nutritional Shake Mix, Multivitamin Mineral and Herbal Tablet, Cell Activator Tablet, Activated Fiber Tablet for better weight management.