The paper presents the problem of indeterminate statements in the work of three thinkers: the creator of syllogistic Aristotle (384–322), its translator into Latin and interpreter Severin Boethius (480–525), and the creator of an imaginary (no-aristotle) logic of N. A. Vasiliev (1880–1940). The difference of Aristotle’s and N. A. Vasiliev logic based on different interpretations of indeterminate statements. The paper shows that the accidental opinion of N. A. Vasiliev similar to indeterminate statement of modal syllogistic of Aristotle, namely, the statement of the potentially inherent.
The matter of article is conception of V. Solovjev as a systematic whole. The subject of special attention is the principle and character of systems construction.
F. Brentano explores consciousness in order to open the natural laws of thinking. At different levels of consciousness (sensory intuition and conceptual thought) are constituted sensual and intellegibel objects. K. Tvardovsky analyses presentation and statement within the framework of descriptive psychology. Description of presentation exposes a betweenness by an act, maintenance and object. Mechanism of constituting of object as unit consists of selection of material and formal parts.
In the paper, a binary semantic for some philosophical logics is suggested on the basis of Boolean algebra. The author uses different kinds of modal valuations instead of truth-functional ones.
The artical deals with the fifteen tropes of the Greek sceptics and their influence on the ideas of Descartes and certain other philosophers of New Ages.
In the paper the problem which A. Tarski fairly recognized a priori as infeasible is discussed: about an explication of the intuitive perceptions connected with concept of consequence. Any definition of the relation of consequence bears traits of arbitrariness, and it is connected, first of all with a choice of the language, a corresponding set of logic constants and interpretation of theirs. These logic explications, dealt not with a real discourse, but with its abstract models. Intuitions which stand up for expression «The consent with one statement is necessary attracts the consent with other statement» are not exhausted by the forms presented in the set of the valid arguments of logic. In the paper some philosophical aspects of logic consequence from the point of view of logical pragmatics, important for understanding of the relation of consequence in a natural language are mentioned. The question which is of special interest for me consists in the following: whether figures of speech contain relation of consequence.
Yesenin-Volpin’s theory of modalities eliminates any beliefs from the foundations of mathematics and humanitarian knowledge. Some methods of moral and legal discussions are fuzzy and poorly formalized. The human activities on construction of theories and moral reasoning are submitted to the rules. Both cases include permissions, orders and forbidding different acts. The same act may be allowed in one situation and forbidden in the other situation. Yesenin-Volpin calls the set of orders correlated with suitable situations as “tactics”. He defines hierarchy of tactics which explains the principles of Kant’s autonomic ethics and legislative systems. All rational activities are described by modal words of different groups. Deontic modalities (to be bound, to be permitted, to be forbidden) have no similar axioms for alethic modalities (necessary, possible, impossible). The general meta-theory explains the relations between all kinds of modalities and grounds the construction of any strict mathematic or ethic theory.
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