International Journal of Language Academy

1-7

Authors: Xhemile ABDIU & Spartak KADIU

It is widely known that after the conquest of Istanbul, the Balkan Peninsula in Europe has become the most important focus of the Ottoman conquest. Due to almost all of historical developments and changes in the Balkan Peninsula during the Ottoman administration, a lot of changes appear in the culture of people of this region, in their education, in their language and traditions. In this land, the Ottomans built many architectural monuments such as mosques, shrines, bridges, caravanserai and baths. In a short time, various forms of arts related to the Ottoman culture spread in Balkan countries. Local trade and economy developed. After Balkan countries accepted Islam, they adapted to the principles of this religion. When the Ottomans came to the Balkans they settled both in cities and villages. The Ottomans brought or created there their families and tried to preserve their language, literature, traditions and customs. In the areas where they settled, the most beautiful examples of initially Turkish and later Arabian and Persian oral folk literature are seen. First, people learnt this oral literature in military settlements. Then, they replicated this kind of literature in their homes, schools and madrasas, as well as in some places of the Tarikat sect. Types of Turkish folk literature and to a lesser extent types of Arabic and Persian literature, remain today as a heritage from generation to generation. Turkish folk literature has almost become an integral part of the Folk Literature amongst Albanians, Bulgarians, Bosnians, Serbs, Macedonians, and Hungarians. In the oral literature, we can find examples of idioms, proverbs, folk tales, lullabies, etc. In the written Literature we find varsağı, semai, ilahi and divan. The most important examples are the anecdotes of Nasreddin Hodja, Köroğlu, Kerem and Asli, the fairy tale of Aşık Garip. The purpose of this article is to describe the influence of Turkish literature into the Albanian one, based on the examples found in the Albanian literature.

18-38

Authors: Esma DUMANLI KADIZADE

This study analyzes fairy tales, which have an important role within child literature, in terms of values education. The social values reflected in tales are examined in this study. Books, starting from the first reading books, are significant not only for the development process of the child, but also for the acquisition of social values. Social values are the factors maturing individuals within the socialization process with its local and universal dimensions. By means of these values, individuals, who approach and address social problems through logic, propose solutions to social problems based on common sense and avoid isolation and marginalization as a result of urban life, can be integrated into society. For this reason, tales should have fiction that includes values education. When reading or listening to tales, without even noticing, one can learn about the culture, language, religion, tradition and customs with which the story is associated. Based on this consideration, the examples used in this study were sourced not from foreign children’s literature, but instead from a Turkish source, namely Tahir Hafizoğlu’s book entitled “Billur Köşk (Crystal Manor)”, which is read and taught in elementary schools. The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the evaluated tales contributed various values to education.

57-72

Authors: Mehmet KATRANCI

In the current study, the purpose is to determine the elementary school fourth grade students’ writing and book reading motivation and the extent to which gender, state of reading newspaper/magazine, writing and book reading motivations predict the students’ academic achievements in the Turkish Language course. As the method of the study, relational survey design was used. The study was conducted with the participation of 262 elementary school fourth graders in the city of Kırıkkale in 2014-2015 school year. Personal Information Form, Book Reading Motivation Scale and Writing Motivation Scale were used as the data collection instruments of the study. The results of the analyses conducted revealed that more than half of the students read newspapers/magazines; the students’ book reading motivation level is high and their writing motivation level is low. In the explanation of the academic achievement in Turkish Language course, book reading motivation was found to be a significant variable and writing motivation not. When writing motivation and state of reading newspaper/magazine reading were kept constant, a positive and low level of correlation was found between book reading motivation and Turkish Language course academic achievement. When the variables of book reading motivation and writing motivation were kept constant, a positive and low level of correlation was found between state of reading newspaper/magazine and Turkish Language course academic achievement. The variables can be ordered as follows in terms of the power of predicting Turkish Language course academic achievement; book reading motivation, state of reading newspaper/magazine and writing motivation. Considering the correlation between book reading motivation and Turkish Language course academic achievement, activities can be developed to enhance students’ book reading motivation. Moreover, research can be designed to determine the reasons for students’ low writing motivation and activities can be developed to promote students’ writing motivation.

94-112

Authors: Ümit YILDIZ

In recent years, Turkey's economic development and political stability makes a substantial contribution to the process of increasing interest to our country and culture. As a natural consequence, worldwide interest in Turkish is rapidly increasing compared to past years. Belarus is one of the countries in which the interest increased in Turkish. The history of Turkish education in Belarus began in 1994. First, at the Minsk State Linguistic University with 8 students Turkish courses were put in the program as elective courses. In 2012, Turkish is being taught as a foreign language at 6 different universities in Belarus. More than two hundred students are learning Turkish as a first and second foreign language. One of the problems that is met in Belarus is the lack of experienced teachers in the field of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. Another problem is lack of teaching curriculum with clearly defined dimensions in terms of goals, content and evaluation methods (Yıldız and Tunçel, 2011). This study aims to highligt the importance of conducting similar studies in the field of teaching Turkish as a foreign language. The aim of this descriptive study is to discuss the problems faced in the processes of teaching Turkish as a foreign language in the context of Belarus and to offer suggesstions to these problems.

127-141

Authors: Hakan ÜLPER & İ. Seçkin AYDIN & H. Özgür İNNALI

This research aims the qualitative evaluation of the self-awareness of the prospective teachers in the faculty of education, that is derived from micro-teaching practices in order to improve skills for verbal lecture. The problem title of the research is ‘How is the qualitative outlook of the self-awareness that is derived from micro-teaching practices in verbal lecture activities?’. This research has been carried out according to content analysis method and depending on qualitative research. And the pattern of the research has been specified as situation determination. First grade students in the departments of Mathematics and Information Technologies in Mehmet Akif ERSOY University (MAKU) Faculty of Education constitute the study group. The research has been confined to 50 participants, 27 from Mathematics and 23 from Information Technologies departments. The participants were lectured in self-evaluation for three weeks in the beginning of the practice. After being informed about the study, pursuant to prepared speech, every participant was given ten minutes and was asked to perform a prepared speech in ten minutes. The activity was video recorded by the instructor of the lecture. These recordings were watched by the class right after the presentation. Then, the students were asked to write their thoughts about the presentations on A4 size papers. The written data collected only by the presenters for ten weeks were coded in the contexts of conversational maxim, pronunciation and body language by applying content analysis by two researchers, and then categorized under certain titles. According to the findings collected from the research, it has been concluded that the students had enough knowledge in terms of quantity, accurate knowledge in terms of quality, integrity in topic in terms of relation, stress and intonation in terms of pronunciation, eye contact, gesture and facial expression and bodily movements in terms of body language. On the other hand, the level of their anxiety, the level of their preparedness and their awareness and concernments of anxiety have been observed.

159-168

Authors: Sema ÇETİN BAYCANLAR

Eastern and Western cultures for centuries to get to know each other, trying to figure appears as two different worlds. Ottoman intellectuals process that began before the proclamation of the Tanzimat and artists, seeing himself over the West, lived by endeavoring to understand. West's "other" as the prevalence of asthma East, the West, this time the "other" is perceived. This effort to explain and understand the Paris and London, the West's most familiar and geographic interests us as cultural venues. In particular, the text of the Tanzimat period France-Paris, the UK-based London more known and described this situation as a striking geography, during the Republic have also continued for some time. Both capitals from central London, although numbers for Europe's many; who lived on the island and the culture of a city which differ from the continent's cultural and social structure. Author with the effect of these differences / poets they saw before describing in London, a familiar places in; Paris and comparisons have done; Both the city's geography, architecture, daily life, culture and people of the city has become the subject of this comparison. Are attempts to the common Western image to reveal differences in this comparison has also been reflected in the text. In particular, these comparisons are often made in writing expressed trip starting from personal convictions literary though, they draw attention to the historical and sociological value. In this article, the Tanzimat period to the present, based on the selected text, most of the first impression of authors who see the European continent, works in Paris and London comparisons and prominent Western image of these comparative expression will be evaluated. Starting with the Tanzimat period to the present text, although many have described as an independent Paris and London; Based on our articles identified from the selected works and assessments will be made.

199-209

Authors: Murat TURNA

Mustafa Kutlu is a figure of interest in near term Turkish Literature by his stories. Mostly, his stories have double meaning scope. An experienced reader doesn't have difficulty to discern bending ordinary, worldly patterned stories to beyond an obvious fact. Kutlu's stories have a metaphysical depth. The first stratum of meaning is about simple facts that everyone can easily figure out. Life's preoccupation within flow of time, ordinary incidents that happen to mankind, human relations are types of issues that anyone can comprehend. Still there are some particular matters that author is trying to adumbrate. We find the author’s main purpose at certain points hidden in the story’s depth. Central points in Kutlu’s stories are loaded with emotions being sent to the readers. There is a permanent gist in his stories. In other words the core of the stories is the same. The core is the metaphysics appeared at the point that conclusions bound together. Considering the resources he uses and the mission he is in, the author always studies this metaphysical message as an unchanging gist. His themes and preferences are always in this direction. As Mustafa Kutlu has a consistent line in metaphysics and he maintains his position for years, it is clear that he draws attention of several coteries. Mustafa Kutlu’s ingenuity in art of literature is particularly in his stories and the purpose of his stories gives his paradigm, his unique aesthetics. “Beyhude Ömrüm” story is a genuine work that author’s mentioned features and his perspective of art are clearly understood. The relationship between his universe of ideas and his art is quite remarkable. Throughout the article, practising thoughts on work’s meaning dimension, shedding light on mentioned issues are aiming to make them understandable.

224-240

Authors: Hale ORTAKÖYLÜOĞLU

In the mother-tongue acquisition process, language acquisition theories suggest that language input provides children with the ability to use tense and aspect markers competently. The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomena of aspect in storybooks considered as significant written input, especially at the pre-school and early childhood period in which the language acquisition process is fast. In line with the aim of the study, a small scale database is set up with the verbs in six storybooks chosen considering the developmental characteristics of the children at this stage. The situation types of verbs, their argument structures, the aspectual markers attached to them and the adverbial usages are represented. Furthermore, the interaction among these structures is presented with their frequency of usage. In terms of the method, the qualitative and the quantitative data analyses based on Smith (1991)’s Aspect Theory classification are carried out. The qualitative analysis is done via classifying the lexical aspects of the verbs, the argument structure-morphological marker and the usage of the verb-adverb interaction using the Excel Program. The quantitative data analysis is done via specifying the distribution and frequency of usage of the qualitative data in the database. The results indicate that the significant number of the 242 verbs used in the storybooks is constituted of achievement and state verbs. Achievement verbs, in accordance with the text properties, are frequently used with past/perfective marking –DI and –mIş. This result seems to support the Aspect Theory. The other significant results of the study are that the verbs are mostly associated with bare noun phrases, and the time adverbials are the most frequently used adverbs modifying all types of verbs.

250-264

Authors: Adem AYDEMİR

Divanü Lûgati’t-Türk that means ‘Turkish Dialects Dictionary, is a first dictionary of the Turkish by dialects words that is included dialects materials. Richness of languages evaluates by its vocabulary. Historical dictionaries are given importance to determine general Turkish vocabulary. Divanü Lûgati’t-Türk is one of the most significant works of Turkish language. In addition to it is a rich source points of historical progress and vocabulary of Turkish language. The common effects of the meteorological factors such as heat, humidity, rain, wind, light have important role in formation of the living conditions of a place. Therefore, the knowledge about meteorology of the Turkish people is commonly found in their vocabulary. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the competence of Divanü Lûgati’t-Türk which is regarded as the oldest and the most essential dictionary of Turkish Language, written by Kâşgarlı Mahmud, in supplying equivalent terms for meteorology concepts. The findings and used terms on meteorology in Divanü Lûgati’tTürk are very significant in order to show the level of east on meteorology that the Turkish language developed very much in that time. Kâşgarlı Mahmud, mentions significant information about meteorology in Divanü Lûgati’t-Türk. Hence, in this article, will be examined the traces of meteorology on Turkish Language of 11th century according to Divanü Lûgati’t-Türk. It is known that in the modern Turkish language, some words show parallelism with Middle or Old Turkish. Therefore, the historical and contemporary Turkish dialects can be applied to explain words belonging to meteorology in vocabulary of Divanü Lûgati’t-Türk.

287-302

Authors: Gerard PAULSEN

After the Civil War, American educational reformers set about transforming the nation’s higher educational institutions: to do so, they borrowed extensively from the contemporary German university model, but also introduced several important innovations, including the division of teaching and research into discrete academic departments. English departments, along with many others, were first established in American universities in the 1870s and 1880s. To organize these departments, the new breed of university presidents turned to the young Americans who had traveled to Germany in order to pursue advanced studies in language and literature. Trained in German philological theory and method, these scholars quickly organized departmental teaching and research along philological lines. Around the turn of the century, English-departments shifted from their initial focus on German linguistic philology to a focus on the broader vistas of German cultural philology. This article will briefly examine the theories and methods of cultural philology and will then discuss the ways in which one of its central hermeneutic methods, the investigation of sources and parallels, was used in actual research. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, this hermeneutic served to motivate and justify diverse kinds of investigation and was perhaps the dominant form of English-department research as is evidenced by its prominence both in journal articles and scholarly monographs and in scholarly editions intended for undergraduates and the general public.

319-324

Authors: Orhan HANBAY

A textbook is a sealed pressure work in which all the necessary tools for learning (texts, images, connected with tasks and exercises, etc.) are included. Textbooks in foreign language teaching have many functions and features. They are for learners and teachers the central conductive medium stil in the crucial first years of learning and they form an ideal data base for a variety of hypotheses about the often-discussed relationship between theory and practice in language teaching. Little research is available in the literature about Student comments on foreign language textbooks. In this study, 65 students (female N = 27 and male N = 38) of the tenth year of a High School in Mersin / Turkey were asked in order to assess their school book "Deutsch ist Spitze! A1.1". In the data collection the 5-scale questionnaire with 18 items created for this study were used in the school year 2014-15. The results showed that the overall mean value (3.13) of the scale for the assessment of students on the textbook "Deutsch ist Spitze! A1.1 " is not high (1-5). In addition, the mean values of each of the factors suggest that the two factors "autonomous learning" (2.89) and "vocabulary" (2,88) are as the weak side of the textbook "Deutsch ist Spitze! A1.1".

337-360

Authors: Ersin GÜLAY & Suat UNGAN

The study aims to improve the practices of the Turkish language course lecturer through the views of the students and the reflection of the lecturer himself in order to achieve the objectives of the course which is offered in vocational schools of higher education. To this end, an action research design was adopted within qualitative research approach. This approach enables the researcher to be in the very process of the research as a practitioner, and provides the pratitioner with the opportunity of observing and detecting the problems occur during the practice as well as evaluate the results of the new practices implemented after the designation of the problems. The study was conducted on 186 students in 14 weeks period in 2011- 2012 academic year. The data was collected through the diaries of the practitioner, and semi-structured interviews with the students. Some of the students did not provide any or enough data within the scope of the study during the data colection process. At the end of the study, the practitioner concluded that the course lecturer should be the model for the students by attaching importance to the course and be a model to the students in this respect. Besides, the students need to be engaged with literary works which provide to them language awareness, and thus this should be practiced with the the writing practices. Additioanlly, necessary techniques which enable the large number of students to participate in such activities should be used in the crowded classrooms.

374-388

Authors: Mehmet ALVER & Şenol SANCAK

A language has such two aspects as ‘written’ and ‘oral’. ‘Oral language’ uses such auxiliary elements for expression as gestures, facial expressions and intonation or toning, whereas ‘written language’ uses only ‘writing’ as a means of expression. The elements of expression used in ‘oral language’ is replaced by punctuation-marks in ‘written language’, which is of great importance and necessity in terms of the involvement of the details of ‘oral language’ in ‘writing’ and of the prevention of some probable confusions. In the study, the focus is, therefore, on the forms of the punctuation-marks being used in the Curriculum of 2nd-step Instruction of the Turkish Course at Elementary Schools from the Republican Period to the present time. The study also aims to determine how and to what extend punctuation-marks were reflected in schooltextbooks prepared in parallel with the Instruction-Programs of Turkish Course made between 1981 and 2005. The results obtained indicated that from the past to the present, punctuation-marks have undergone significant changes in 2nd step Instruction-programs of ‘Turkish course’ at Elementary-Schools and in school-textbooks. The results also showed that it was not clear until the last Turkish Instruction program which punctuation marks and with which of their features would be taught at which level. Now, it is obvious that in terms of the instruction of the punctuations-marks, the new program is highly descriptive with the provision of a good guidance.

399-427

Authors: Onur DURSUN & Sercan Hamza BAĞLAMA

Turkey is a polarized society consisting of modern people and conservatives. Cultural differences in this polarized society are actually a consequence of a long historical process. The dichotomy of culture and ideology in Turkish society has two significant breaking points. The first is the transition process of Turkish society to Islam between the 8th century and the 14th century whereas the second is related to the concept of Westernization, the influences of which are still observable although it started in the 17th century. These two occasions not only changed the lifestyle of Turkish society but also influenced the use of Turkish language. In terms of word capacity, Turkish language therefore contains both Oriental/Islamic ideology and Western/Modern ideology within itself, and this impact is considerably recognizable from spoken language to written language and from scientific language to media language. Media entertainment contents also reveal this interaction. The objective of this study is to analyze the cultural and ideological polarization in Turkey through investigating the contents of crosswords in five daily newspapers which are, respectively, Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Yeni Akit and Zaman. Media usually has an ideological content; however the fact that ideological and cultural polarization can also be explored at linguistic levels through crosswords has not been studied before. In this respect, firstly clarifying the concept of ideology in order to theoretically reveal how ideology is reinforced through language, this study basically focuses on the historical process of the cultural and ideological polarization and its reflections on Turkish language. The study, linguistically analyzing the crosswords, has also discussed the relationship among entertainment, ideology and media. Data in the study was collected through content analysis method and was interpreted by means of critical discourse theory. In this respect, this study has actually multi-methodological method. Ten crosswords from each newspaper have etymologically been analyzed, and it has been found out that there are similarities between the words in the crosswords and the publication policies of the newspapers.

438-449

Authors: Ekrem BEKTAŞ

It is known that Classical Turkish poetry or with it's common name Divan poetry has a variety of connotation. In classical Turkish poetry, it is possible to find a projection or a reflection of many aspects which are related to social issues. Many researchs which are conducted in this field show the evidence of this case. It can not be thought that Divan poet who is a member of Muslim society is far away from the religious values, the customary and the culture of the society. The mosques have a huge impact on religious life of muslims and other aspects that are related to mosques (such as religious community, sermon, pulpit, altar etc.) has taken a place either directly or indirectly in our classical poetry. Especially the name of Gül Mosque which is a historical mosque in Istanbul, has inspired poets and has been subject to couplets with various metaphors and dreams. According to the our determination, the number of poet who use these metaphors and dreams is almost 20. In these couplets, there are many metaphors, such as, rose garden has been likened to a mosque, a nightingale to a mosque preacher addressed the congregation, a rose brunch to a pulpit, a doves to anyone who read the Qur'an and flowers has been linkened to the congregation.In this article, mainly Gül Mosque, and some examples couplets inclueded these issues related to mosque will be addressed.