Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences

9-17

Authors: 1M.Muthuvinayagam and 2M.Madheswaran

Background: The development in power electronics and high-tech control techniques, as well as the advancement of high speed microcontrollers with controlling computation capability, made Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) drives to work under the various applications. The requirements for variable-speed SRM drives include good dynamic and steady state responses, minimum torque ripple, low speed alternation, and robustness. Objective: Due to the important nonlinearity of the electromagnetic property and the coupling relationships in the middle of flux linkage, torque, and rotor position, it is not effortless for an SRM to get acceptable control characteristics. Existing works on Modified PI-Like Fuzzy Logic Controller work shorten the program difficulty of the controller by reducing the amount of fuzzy sets of the Membership Functions (MF) without losing the system performance and stability via the adjustable controller gain but speed control of motor are not achieved. To overcome the issue related to speed control, plan to build a Proportional Integral Derivative with Reconciling Neuro-Fuzzy (PID-RNF) Controller for the Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). Results: Torque- ripple Value percentage is reduced due to the output signal of RNF ΔSN is the input of the output scaling factor and thereby minimize the vibrations and increases the lifetime of the machine. Conclusion: The PID-RNF controller controls the speed of SR motor. The dynamic response of the SRM adapt with the RNF controller during the process and under varying disturbances

22-29

Authors: 1Boopathi S, 2 PanneerSelvam N and 3 Jayanthi K

This paper presents a sensorless direct torque control method for CSI fed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The speed control of the system is obtained by using the compensation of stator flux. The flux error deviation is due to variation of stator resistance. The flux and torque error is used to measures the DTC logical control. The principles of Direct Torque Control (DTC) for selection of stator current vectors directly proportional to the difference between reference torque vector and reference stator flux linkage and their permanent values. There are a number of methods available to compensate the error in the system. Now we are introduced very first time without compensation of the stator resistance. The estimation doesn’t depend on the motor parameters and except without changing stator resistance. Permanent-magnet synchronous machines are extensively used in servo drives because of its advantages such as high efficiency, high power density, maintenance free and torque ratio. In the respective computer simulation hysteresis comparators are used to compare the difference between biased reference values of stator flux and torque are equated on the values calculated from motor parameters. A novel PI Control method is used to compensate the stator flux variation and the simulation results and hardware results are prove that the performance of the CSI fed PMSM has been improved

34-39

Authors: 1Belqees Hassan, 1Ali Alnakhlani, 2Abdulhafiz M. and 3Muhammad Ali Al-Hajji

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and calculation the critical fields of type-II superconductors.In order to develop a physical basis for the concept of the critical field, particularly the intermediate state.The Tl2Ba2Ca3Cu4Oδ+6 (Tl-2234) Superconducting sample wasprepared under normal pressure by a one step of solid-state reactiontechnique. The offset transition temperature of the Tl-2234 samplewithout applied magnetic field is 105 K, whereas, the offset transitiontemperature drops to 38.97 K with 12 T applied magnetic field. By using theresistance measurements as function of temperature at high differentmagnetic fields, we investigated a new method for calculation of thecritical magnetic field. The upper critical field Bc2 and the lower criticalfield Bc1and the critical magnetic field Bc of anisotropic magneticsuperconductors are calculated. In addition, the Ginzburg– Landauparameter (κ) and the coherence length ξ(0) were estimated from Bc2.The results of our calculations agree in agreement with experimental data for ( Tl-2234 ) Superconductor and The experimental values well withthe theoretical findings.

46-52

Authors: 1Hicham Akhamal, 2Mostafa Chakir and 3Hassan Qjidaa

This paper presents a low-dropout regulator (LDO) for portable applications that use a increase gain technique. As a result, the error amplifier gain increases enough to maintain accurate output voltage and block the low frequency supply noise and finally obtain a high power-supply rejection ratio (PSRR ). The objective of this research is to develop novel LDO regulators that can achieve good high frequency PSRR performance. Moreover, an tri-state buffer for driving the pass device. The LDO is implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology and achieves a power-supply rejection ratio better than -70 dB up to 100 KHz for load currents up to 100 mA. The voltage regulator provides maximum 110 mA current, moreover with a 1.2V supply voltage, this LDO regulator providing an output of 1 V with a 200mV drop-out voltage

64-72

Authors: 1 Shrikant Krupasindhu Panigrahi, 2Yuserrie Bin Zainuddin, 3Noor Azlinna Azizan

Background: Economic value added (EVA) is a concept developed Stern Stewart helps to identify true profitability of the organization due to consideration of cost of equity. Construction companies have been taken under consideration for this study. Objective: To provide an alternative measurement tool for the Malaysian construction companies that identifies true economic profit and enhance shareholder‟s value. Cross sectional secondary data are used of the selected companies for the period of 10 years from 2003 to 2012 Results: The result found significant influence of EVA on shareholder‟s value creation. It was also noticed from the trend analysis that from the 28 companies only 10 companies were having positive EVA whereas the remaining has destroying the shareholder value. The reason for negative EVA is high cost of equity. Conclusion: Thus in the proposed model it is confirmed that EVA as a value based performance tool dominates the shareholder value. Hence managers are suggested to pay more focus on the importance of EVA and its benefits for the shareholder‟s wealth creation and improve company performance

81-93

Authors: 1K. Mohanadasse, 2C. Sharmeela, 3T.D. Sudhakar

In recent years, there is an abrupt growth of the non linear loads, which leads to a number of issues like harmonics, voltage sag, voltage swell, flicker, voltage imbalance etc., which affects the quality of the power supplied. Because of these issues the performance and the lifetime of the utilities are very much affected. In order to overcome this issues power filters were developed. In this paper, a survey on the power filters is done that are used to improve the power quality of a power system. Here initially an introduction to the power quality and the need of filters were discussed. The filters are broadly classified as passive, active and hybrid filters. Later these filters are sub classified based on its characteristics and applications. Finally its merits and demerits were listed, which leads to further improvement of the filters

100-107

Authors: 1Dorion, E.C.H., 2Guimarães, J.C.F., 3 Severo, E.A., 4Reis, Z.C., 5 Prodanov, C.C., 6Olea, P.M., 7Nodari, C.H.

This study aims to describe the implementation of a project supply strategy, based on the Just in Sequence concepts; highlighting its difficulties and benefits. The case is described as a Brazilian metal-mechanic company that operates in the assembly of road transport and freight vehicles, being one of the market leaders in Brazil and around the world. The results show clear evidence that the new method presented difficulties related to the discipline of the employees in effectively using the JIS tool, however, it presents concrete innovations related to communication processes between the areas of production and stocks scheduling, as well as the reduction in inventories components within the production process, increasing the efficiency of the assembly line

115-125

Authors: Hassan Camil David, Sylvio Péllico Netto, Julio Eduardo Arce, Ana Paula Dalla Corte, Ataides Marinheski Filho, Alexandre Behling

Background: Classification of forest site provide benefits that assists to establish management regimes since the forest yield capacity is strong related to site index. Objective: This research had two goals: a) classify forest sites basing on dominant height of Pinus taeda, in southern Brazil; b) compare our results with site curves of P. taeda L. obtained at 26 years ago, in a research carried out by Scolforo and Machado (1988). Methodology: Curve-guide method was adopted to compose the site classes using 20 years as reference age. The reliability of curves was verified by the tendency of plots remain into the same site class, besides the anamorphic curve test. Dominant height growth was fitted by six models: Schumacher-modified, Chapman-Richards, Clutter-Jones, Prodan, Bailey-4P and Mitscherlich. The best model was selected by statistical criteria, including standard error of estimate (SEE), coefficient of determination (R²) and residual analysis. Five site classes with amplitude of 4.5 m between them were established. Results: The models presented SEE between 13% and 14% and R² larger than 80% and Chapman-Richards’ model was selected to estimate the site curves. The statistical tests revealed great reliability and anamorphism of site curves, as well as estimatives without tendency along the years. It was verified statistical differences between the curves generated in this study and those presented in Scolforo and Machado (1988). Conclusions: We recommend the use of site index of this research due to the goodness of fit of model. Comparing our results with Scolforo and Machado (1988), we recommend our site curves because a more expressive database was utilized to develop it and the length of time between both surveys.

133-142

Authors: 1 Selvakumar, R., 2Dr. Dharmishtan K. Varughese

Optical flow is mainly used for collision and obstacle detection in unmanned air vehicles. Most of the optical flow algorithms are more suited for software implementation and do not provide the measurement density along with the accuracy and the computational speed necessary for real time implementations. Hence the design of specialized hardware for optical flow computation to provide higher computational speeds with reasonable accuracy is required. In this paper systolic array based architecture for optical flow vector computation is designed for 32x32 image resolution which can be extended to 256x256 resolution images. Optical flow vectors have higher dynamic range of fractional numbers which if implemented in floating point arithmetic consume a lot of hardware resources and power, hence floating to fixed point conversion has been performed. This Paper method uses fewer adders, multipliers and dividers than actually required along with flexibility of reuse of existing data for further iterations without actually recalculating. Insignificant bits at intermediate levels are truncated to reduce multiplier input bit widths such that accuracy of vectors will remain unchanged. Optical flow computation processor has been implemented on Virtex-5 FPGA. Total power consumed is 1.125W. Computational time for 32x32 images is 550.4 micro seconds for 100 iterations and 16 micro seconds for each iteration. When extended to process 256x256 images optical flow processor designed can process 1000 images/sec, whereas existing optical flow processors can process 60 images per sec

151-156

Authors: 1Adamu I. Abubakar, 1Murni Mahmud, 1Mira Kartiwi, 2Haruna Chiroma

and “Hospital websites as a new media tool” are general terms relating to large amounts of important data, we narrowed our focus to perform a systematic review of Malaysian hospital websites‟ presentation of healthcare issues on the basis of “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)” Our systematic review is applicable to hospital website evaluation, not clinical trials. Objective: The main objective of this systematic review was to uncover the findings of previous studies and views on how hospital websites stand as a media tool for healthcare systems. Results: Thorough online and offline searching were performed according to the PRISMA criteria. Search results produced 8,268 articles from 11 online databases. The numbers of articles excluded were 2,915 (35%), 3,723 (45%) and 1,511 (18%), on the basis of duplication, focus, and eligibility of not meeting the focus criteria. 119 (2%) full-text articles were assessed as meeting the criteria for how hospital websites can stand as a new media tool for healthcare systems. The results of 44 studies were synthesized. Conclusion: Although the results identify current studies on the state of hospital websites, unfortunately the number of published studies on Malaysian hospital websites as of the time of writing was limited, and do not show how Malaysian hospital websites could be used as a new media tool to enhance the healthcare system. This has shed more light on the need to further investigate how Malaysian hospital websites can empower the Malaysian community and its healthcare system.

163-170

Authors: 1Amir Azizi, 2Yones Yarmohammadi, 3Ali Yasini

Background: Supplier selection and decision making are key strategic factors for most organizations. The nature of such decision makings is usually complicated. The aim of this research is to use a joint approach of Taguchi loss function, AHP, and Fuzzy goal programming. The mentioned approaches were studied in two phases to select suppliers and their shares in a supply chain. In the first phase, superior suppliers were selected among all suppliers using Taguchi loss function and AHP. In the second phase, defining goal functions such as supply chain visibility and risk, their shares were determined by employing Fuzzy Multi-Objective Programming (FMOP) model. The constraints include, demand, Budget, production Capacity and supply availability are taken into account. Results showed that access level to risk reduction is 65%, whereas access level to visibility is 35%, which means decision makers are risk averse and therefore, risk reduction is given the first priority

182-192

Authors: 1 S.P. Kesavan and 2Dr.R. Rajeswari

Battery operated portable devices need low power consumption to increase the battery life. As SRAM is used in the microelectronic applications such as cache memory and occupies 90% of silicon area, various research works being carried out to reduce the power consumption. There are two ways, through which power consumption can be reduced, one is by dropping standby power and another one by reducing dynamic power. This paper had reviewed wide-range discussion and comparison of low power techniques. Various design techniques like 7T SRAM Cell, 9T cell, Charge recycling techniques, drowsy back bias scheme, and P4 SRAM scheme are discussed.

204-215

Authors: ¹Hassan Camil David, ¹Sylvio Péllico Netto, ¹Rodrigo O. V. Miranda, ¹Ângelo Augusto Ebling²Emanuel J. G. Araújo

Background: Diameters taken at relative heights are good independent variables to be used in modeling the form factor; however they are oftentimes not easily accessible to be measured. Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the behavior of form factor models, using different combinations of the independent variables: diameter at 1.3 m, diameters at relative heights and bole height in 133 pine trees from forest stands in Brazil.Methodology:The incremental contribution of the variables: diameters at 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% of bole height were statistically evaluated. Form factor models were analyzed according to accuracy statistics and tests for autocorrelation and homogeneity of residues, besides residual dispersion. These four diameters were tested in four models, where variables doubly and triply combined was used, totalizing sixteen adjustments. Lastly, the bole volume was estimated using the form factor model adjusted in function of diameters taken at relative heights equated in function of diameter at breast height. Results: Form factor models presented different behaviors when the tested variables were changed. Tests for incremental contribution indicated significance at 95% or 99% probability level for all tested variables. In general, residual autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity behaved as a non-critical problem on the modeling, in spite of bias has been present in most models. Regarding to volumes calculated by the form factor models based on estimated diameters, the SEE reached value up to 13%, whereas the use of observed diameters reduced the SEE to 3%. Conclusion:The use of combined variables of diameters measured in relative heights with diameter at breast height reduces the standard error of estimate and to raise the coefficient of determination in the form factor models. However, such combinations can provoke heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation among residuals. The combined diameters used as independent variables have presented a strong tendency to provoke bias in the form factor model; therefore it is highly important evaluating them based on the behavior of their residual dispersion. The triply combined variables (drh1drh2d -2 , where rh is relative height) contribute more to reduce the errors and let the models to be less unbiased, when compared with the effect of the doubly combined variables (drhd -2 , where rh is relative height). Under the conditions in which an analysis regarding confidence intervals, tests t and F are not required, the form factor model 6.1 is the best option. It is possible to obtain volume in form factor models based on estimated diameters at relative heights, with an admissible error close to 5% on the estimated volume.

224-231

Authors: Chakir Mostafa, Akhamal Hicham, Qjidaa Hassan

Background: In this work one presented the design analog to digital Converter(ADC) of pipeline type of 3bits, 10MS/s and a low power consumption for high speed camera CMOS. The OTA plays an important role in the ADC, because of its conversion rate and power consumption are limited by the performance of the OTA. The designed ADC in this paper employs parallel pipeline architecture based on Double Buffered S&H Circuit with CMOS Switch (SHA), The overall A/D converter performance such as distortion, dynamic range, SFDR and noise are largely dependent on S/H amplifier. The folded cascode OTA functions with a low voltage supply 1.8V and consumes 1mW of power, the design is implemented in TSMC 0.18µm technology; this architecture composed of three stages, a differential stage of entry, followed by a stage of gain, and a Common Mode Feed Back (CMFB) circuit. This latter introduced to improve the performance of OTA. The simulation of the OTA shows that the open-loop gain is 103.94 dB, the phase margin (PM) is 61.06° and the unity gain bandwidth (UGB) is 298.4 MHz. The ADC consumes 13mW at 10MS/s sampling rate and the active area of pipeline ADC is about 0.1461 mm². Finally, the maximum differential nonlinearity (DNL) is +0.5LSB/LSB and the maximum integral nonlinearity (INL) is 0.4LSB/LSB.

241-249

Authors: 1 Senthilkumar, V. and 2Dr. M. Ezhilarasi

Background: An Investigation of Lung Maturity Analysis through kernelized Fuzzy Rough Set Feature Partitioning. Objective:This paper proposed a novel method to determine the maturity of fetal lung through kernelized fuzzy rough set feature partition. The fetal lung maturity test monitors the unborn baby’s lungs, to check whether the baby can able to breathe on his/her own. The main objective of the proposed work is to find the discriminant feature extraction. Initially Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) method is proposed for preprocessing, to improve the local contrast of the lung image. After preprocessing, feature extraction is proposed to extract the textural features. It gives the information about the textural characteristics of the image. To obtain the approximation quality of the feature, Feature Partitioning is implemented with the help of kernelized fuzzy rough set. Finally Multinomial Bayesian classification is proposed to classify the ultrasonic images as mature and immature.The experimental results show that the proposed method dramatically reduces the dimensionality of original feature space. The discriminant feature set from a kernelized fuzzy rough set can be carried out in the reduced lower dimensional subspace, which improves the accuracy of the classification algorithm. Results: For experimentation of the proposed technique, the fetal lung image is obtained from normal pregnant women at intervals of 2 weeks from the gestational age of 24 to 38 weeks. Fig. 2 shows the echogram samples of the fetal. By using CLAHE method, preprocessing of fetal image is processed. After preprocessing, different types of texture features are extracted from the raw feature set. Conclusion:This paper proposes a novel method to identify the fetal lung maturity analysis by using kernelized fuzy rough set feature partitioning. In order to obtain the optimized result, processes like preprocessing, feature extraction, feature partitioning and classification is performed. The kernelized fuzzy rough sets are used to evaluate the features and to compute the memberships of samples to the lower and upper approximation of decision classes. The proposed system gives 100% of classification accuracy which is higher than that of existing systems

260-268

Authors: 1 Jharesh, A., 2 P. Poorna Priya, 1Daya Murali, S., 1Hariharnath, P., 1Naga Sai, K.P.V

Microstrip antennas play a significant role in Space, Defence, and Medical Applications. Here we have designed an E- Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna on different textiles & tabulated the performance characteristics to select the best textile for wearable applications. The proposed Microstrip antenna with coaxial feed resonates at L & S band frequencies and is modelled using a software HFSS.

277-291

Authors: A. Krishnaveni, 1D. Jebakani, 2K. Jeyakumar, T. Christophe

Background: Deterministic Fracture Mechanics analysis does not address the uncertainties involved in material properties, loads, location and size of the flaws etc. However, in real-life situations such uncertainties can affect significantly the conclusions drawn out of a deterministic analysis. The principles of Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics (PFM) are used to ascertain the effects of such uncertainties. PFM is becoming increasingly popular for realistic evaluation of fracture response and predicting the reliability of cracked structures. Objective: A probabilistic failure assessment methodology has been proposed in this study to compute the reliabilitybased safety factor for the prediction of safe operating pressure for the pressure vessels. Modified two parameter fracture criterion has been used to predict the failure of cracked pressure vessels. In this study, the scatter in the crack geometry, fracture parameter, material properties and geometric parameters of the pressure vessel are considered. Monte- Carlo simulation method is used to perform the PFM analysis. Results: Based on the study carried out using PFM, the upper and lower limits of failure pressure of pressure vessel at various confidence levels are proposed. Using Stress-Strength interference theory, reliability based safety factor has also been proposed. Conclusion: The safe operating pressure for pressure vessels containing axial through crack is computed for the specified reliability levels. The proposed work will help the design engineer to decide the operating pressure of the cracked structure for the specified safety and reliability

304-310

Authors: 1Lavanya, G. and 2Dr. Srinivasan S

There are many problems related to optimization and many researchers are interested in solving these problems. Literature presents several search algorithms to find an item with specified properties from a search space defined by a mathematical formula or procedure. Recent works describe several optimization problems which were then solved by many optimization algorithms. The most recently introduced Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) is one of the swarm intelligence algorithms, based on the intelligent foraging behavior of a honey bee swarm. It uses less control parameters, and it can be efficiently used for solving multimodal and multidimensional optimization problems. ABC algorithm is now applied to defined-real time problems of the clustering process, medical image segmentation is done using clustering process by means of ABC algorithm. Data classification is the categorization of data for its most effective and efficient use. Data can be classified according to any criteria, not only relative importance or frequency of use. A well-planned data classification system makes essential data to find easily. ABC algorithm is now applied to classify the data effectively by training the neural network. This paper presents the review based on ABC models for various numerical optimizations and the significant works carried out so far by ABC models for image segmentation and data classification.

323-330

Authors: Lai Poey Chin and Zainal Ariffin Bin Ahmad

This study seeks to explore Malaysian consumers‟ in adopting a single platform Epayment system with an extended perceived risk to TAM model. This research investigates the efficiency and design that influence perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Furthermore, the researcher is interested to investigate the relationship between perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and perceived risk with consumers‟ intention to use one single platform that integrates card, internet and mobile. Using online survey method, respondents were selected based on the criteria of owning at least one of the following items (e.g: mobile phone, card payment, Internet). The results of the structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses suggest that perceived risk can lead to reduction in consumers‟ intention to use single platform E-payment system. Therefore, perceived risk should be taken into consideration when designing Epayment system in order to increase the consumers‟ intention to use

339-345

Authors: Mohd Khairi, Mohd Nozulaidi, Md Sarwar Jahan

Background: Water wise rice production is the current concern. Objective: To justify the water effects on production of salinity rice cultivar, plants physiological, and yield parameters were evaluated. There were four water treatments, T1: flooding at 5 cm (control), T2: flooding at 1 cm, T3: saturated condition and T4: alternative wet and dry (AWD) and five replicates were arranged according to a completely randomized design. Yield, plant and soil parameters under different irrigation conditions were measured. Results: Different water treatments affected plant height at secondary tillering stage, yield and yield parameters of rice plants. AWD treatment decreased chlorophyll (Chl) content and Chl fluorescence in leaves. In addition, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), relative water content (RWC) decreased gradually with decreasing water content in the soil. AWD treatment reduced soil pH but increased soil electric conductivity (EC) value. Conclusion: These results suggest that AWD affected plant yield through modulating plant physiological function but saturated to 1 cm flooding condition showed no effect on rice yield and plant physiology

362-367

Authors: Nurul Munirah, Mohd Khairi, Mohd Nozulaidi and MdSarwar Jahan

Zn is essential for plant growth and physiological processes, but they become toxic at elevated levels. In this study, effects of zinc (Zn) on corn plants were studied. Different Zn concentrations(0, 0.2, 1.5 and 3 ppm) were externally applied on plant leaves. Plants’ height and leaf numbers were not affected by the application of different Zn applications. Relative water content (RWC) increased gradually with increasing Zn concentration followed by decreased at higher level of Zn application. The net photosynthesis rate (Pn) showed similar to RWC results. Chlorophyll (Chl) content increased in Zn-treated plants than Zn-untreated plants but Chl fluorescence increased only at higher Zn concentration condition. Zn application increased yield compared than control but did not differentiate among Zn treatments. Taken together, it seems that Zn at 1.5 ppm as foliar applicationshowed better result in terms of production and physiology of corn plants.