BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Authors: Z. Sirazitdinov, R. Karimova

The article contains a brief biography of F. Khisamitdinova, the prominent Bashkir scientist, who made a great contribution to the development of Bashkir linguistics, particularly, to such scientific courses as historical phonetics, lexicology, lexicography, ethnolinguistics and turkology as a whole.

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Authors: I. Lamozhapova

A proper noun, particularly a personal name, is a part of an individualizing function, and generates such features as “distinctness and concreteness” in speech because it indicates a certain denotation that is closely related to the onym. It means that the extra linguistic factors play an important role in the formation of the proper nouns. These factors are of historical and cultural events, and they highlight components in society’s vital activities that are indicative of any fundamental aspects of either a social or cultural appurtenance. Complex researches of a language, in particular, researches of proper nouns’ system, are reasonable. This necessity probably gave birth to the direction some have taken in the fields of cognitive linguistics. The main components that help form the extralinguistic conditions, the essential sources of formation that are used to create personal name systems like Buryats, Kalmyks, derived from a Mongol cultural aspect are examined in the article. The information is analyzed from the history of Mongolian clans’ contacts with other ethnic groups. Also, some features from the main cultural component extracted from their religious practices were characterized, peculiarly, to reflect the eclecticism during the period of the Middle Ages. Mongols are one of the most ancient people of the world, and their system of thinking can be viewed from their unique history, distinctive culture, peculiar traditions, and customs. Mongols’ military campaigns under the leadership of Chingis-Khan in large areas caused remaining of their proper nouns to stay intact. The proof of it is in such marks as geographical names of Mongolian language origin. In addition, there was foreign vocabulary in Mongolian anthroponymicon. Turkisms and sinologisms became later manchurism attributes. Religious eclecticism: the original religion- Shamanism, Christianity, Islam are reflected on personal names’ system, as well. Later Buddhism’s distribution is also reflected on this system of personal names. So, some original personal names in “The Secret History of the Mongols” have shamanic roots. Scientists have found Christian origin in the name of the fifth son of Jochi-Syban. The main medieval Mongolian tradition of giving names to people still exists in the culture of the modern Mongolian people.

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Authors: V. Mushaev

Studying phraseological units of the Kalmyk language is a topical objective of contemporary Kalmyk linguistics. The difficulty of studying set-expressions stems from the fact that their meaning is not defined by the meanings of their individual components. Besides, their grammatical meaning, which appear as grammatical archaisms, does not comply with the norms of the modern language. On the other side, they add emphasis to speech, and highlight ethnical features and the uniqueness of a language. Employing the data of the Kalmyk language, the article studies the generalized system of special linguistic aspects of phraseological units in relation to their structure, semantics, and speech function. The author reviews the linguo-stylistic aspects of usage and functioning of the basic phraseological lexicon in the works by Kalmyk authors. From the artistic point of view phraseological units impart strong emotional tone and define the individual features of Kalmyk writers, as well as convey the universals of the Kalmyk people worldview.

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Authors: B. Kichikova

The article contains historical and literary commentary on the line “You don`t prattle in French…” from A. Pushkin’s Address “To a Kalmyk Maiden” (May 15–22, 1829). To comment it a number of draft quatrains are involved, which contrast Kalmyk Maiden portrait description with an epigrammatic generalized portrait of Russian noblewoman with her cardinal trait – halfeuropean halfenlightenment. Addressing to some fragments of the poem “Earl Nulin”, the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”, to Pushkinian literary criticism, to historical and literary as well as to historical and everyday materials of the era, is necessary to cover a subject matter of the Russian language and national culture, mentioned in the commented line of the address “To a Kalmyk Maiden”.

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Authors: K. Maksimova

Public-private partnership is one of the most promising tools for financing projects, which includes benefits for both the state (improved fiscal, economic and social benefits of infrastructure projects) and the private sector (the guaranteed cash flow for a long time). The choice of financing mechanisms is a key issue of joint investment projects between state and private sector. Another important issue is a financial security in the implementation of public-private partnership projects that pre-determines the level of its investment potential and cost-effectiveness. Since capital investment requires rational, economically profitable placement, it is necessary to find such solutions which would provide proper business profitability of the investment at a reasonable risk allocation and resolve issues within the competence of the state. The equity investment and credit resources of private banks are considered to be the main financing sources of the public-private partnership projects. The state support provides guarantee and direct budget investments in order to encourage investors and develop the market. Combining different funding sources of the project allows the state and municipal authorities to improve fiscal, economic and social effectiveness of the project and attract a large number of potential investors and lenders. The state can vary the proposed financing model for each project, which makes it possible to supervise its attractiveness for both the society and investors. The types and forms of the state and private sector participation in financing the projects on the base of mutual interests for both parties are considered in the article.

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Authors: A. Tetuev

This article gives a complex analysis of the special characteristics and main tendencies of ethnopolitical processes in Kabardino-Balkaria in the early 21st century. Current situation in the region is characterized by a longterm ethnopolitical crisis which has switched to latency state. Among the key factors that form the ethnopolitical tension in Kabardino-Balkaria are low level of socio-economic development and the lack of public confidence in state and municipal authorities. During the post-Soviet period the state authorities failed to overcome a range of problems, which include the crisis of economy, subsidized character of the region, mass unemployment, low standard of living, terrorism. The issues of municipal units delimitation have not yet been resolved and the land reform in accordance with the requirements of the Land Code of the Russian Federation has not been implemented. Ethnopolitical processes are substantially influenced by demographic and migration factors. High natural increase rate coupled with insufficient economic growth rates induce excess workforce and migration. A matter of great concern is outmigration of the Russian population, which acts a consolidate basis for interethnic concord. In this context it seems rational to monitor political and socio-economic state of the society. Along with this, current ethnopolitical situation in Kabardino-Balkaria necessitates to concentrate the efforts of the executive authorities and municipal governments on implementing complex and consistent measures aimed at enhancing the economic, social and cultural development of the republic. For this purpose it is necessary to secure the development of the regional labor market, create workplaces as a result of deployment of new production facilities, increase business recruitment needs, raise the pay, and intensify residential development.

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Authors: N. Balinova, I. Khomyakova

The article assesses the data collected by the anthropologists and the geneticists of the N.N. Miklukho- Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, and Moscow State University Museum and Research Institute of Anthropology, who performed a complex anthropometric research of a Sart-Kalmak ethnic group during the 2013 expedition. Body measurements of 84 female and 119 male Sart-Kalmak adults, 830 photographic portraits, fill-out recording forms related to racial traits, and 197 blood samples for genetic analyses were obtained for the study. The average anthropometric measurement values do not vary much among the groups studied. This could be due to either the insufficient number of the collected samples, or the fact that there are in fact no significant differences between the Sart-Kalmaks, the Kyrgyz and the mixed-race as to their somatic features and the size of their head and face. Some peculiarities still need to be noted. Male Sart-Kalmak adults are the tallest of all, whereas the Kyrgyz tend to be more corpulent and their body mass index (BMI) is in the overweight range. Females of the mixed origin tend to be the tallest, however having the least weight and the lowest BMI as compared with the other groups. Kyrgyz male adults show more subcutaneous fat deposition, which is not typical for the women. As for the cephalic index it is the highest in both Sart-Kalmak male and female adults. Sart-Kalmaks and mixed-race men tend to have larger zygomatic diameter and a longer face than the Kyrgyz, whereas females have no such features in their face structure. Both the Sart-Kalmak and the mixed-race males show distinctive difference from the Kyrgyz only by the height of the upper lip and the thickness of the lips. Age-related changes of some morphological parameters in Sart-Kalmak men and women show standard dynamics common for many other ethnic groups. The increase in subcutaneous fat deposition with ageing is the main reason for waistline growth, particularly around the abdomen of both men and women. Most women experience an increase in hip circumference, associated with the manifestation of sexual dimorphism. The fact, that women over 50 tend to grow more abdominal fat, is mentioned by many researchers as menopause-related and accompanied by the accumulation of adipose tissue, mainly, in visceral fat depots. The current research presents the preliminary results of the morphological status analysis of the surveyed groups of the Sart-Kalmaks, the Kyrgyz and those of mixed origin. Based on the data obtained in 2014 from the anthropological survey of sub-ethnic groups of the Kalmyks, we will conduct a comparative analysis of their anthropometric indices with those of the Sart-Kalmaks of Kyrgyzstan. The present research highlights the major trends in the current development of this ethnic group.

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Authors: Z. Chedzhieva

The article is devoted to the issue of the ethnic and cultural specifics of the Kalmyk and English proverbs and phraseological units containing ‘an animal component’. The main assumption is that each nation and each linguistic community perceives and reflects the world under the influence of its cultural and national customs, traditions and history, and creates its own worldview. The ethno-cultural character of any community’s worldview is clearly fixed in the language. Moreover, the language preserves the culture of the people and transfers it further to the next generations. The aim of the article is to give a structural description of the Kalmyk and English paremiological units. For this purpose, the ethnic peculiarity of each nation is examined and compared with that of the other one. Paremiological units with the structure of complex sentences present compound, complex and conjunctionless sentences. According to the comparative analysis, the most common type for both languages are paremiological units with the structure of complex sentences. The complex sentence structure with subordinate clauses of condition, time, place, as well as attributive and concessive subordinate clauses are mainly found in the Kalmyk proverbs. Whereas, complex, compound and conjunctionless sentences are often found in the structure of English proverbs. However, most Kalmyk proverbs have the structure of conjunctionless sentence and compound sentences are rarely used.

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Authors: А. Tomaska

When studying social adaptation, it is vital to review the factors affecting the process and the strategies of social adaptation. Scientific literature encompasses a large number of approaches to adaptation factor analysis. This article deals with the demographic factors affecting the formation of the directions of social adaptation for the youth of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North who study in urban environment. The article presents analysis of the primary sociological data collected among the youth of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North who study in urban environment in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in the cities of Yakutsk, Neryungri and Aldan. The empirical data was gathered through the questionnaire survey method by multistage quote (proportional) sampling. The related quote sample selection attributes include gender, age, educational institution type, ethnicity, and year of studies. The following demographic factors are reviewed for the analysis of social adaptation: migrants’ gender, marital and reproductive attitudes of the young respondents. The factors for their demographic adaption (i.e. age, marital and reproductive attitudes) are inherently controversial. On the one side, the youth has undoubtedly high adaptation potential owing to their age. On the other side, the reviewed socio-demographic group lacks any experience of adaptation and interaction with urban environment. The analysis of migrant students revealed gender imbalance, i.e. high migration activity of young women, although the proportion of young male migrants has increased over recent years. The results of the questionnaire survey demonstrated the differences in marital and reproductive attitudes between school students, college (secondary vocational educational institutions) students, and university students.

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Authors: D. Vinokurova

The article discusses the difference between such notions as non-local / local community (migrant/nonmigrant) in terms of N. Luhmann’s communicative systems theory and ‘geophilosophy’ developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. The analysis has been performed with the assistance of the empirical data collected in three cities of Yakutia. It has shown that labor and educational migration rate is higher in Mirny and in Yakutsk, rather than in Lensk. Respondents have been conventionally divided into several groups according to the number of times they changed their place of residence. Thus, there are four groups found: 1) the «traditionally changing their place of residence» migrants (1 move), 2) «active» migrants (2 to 3 times), 3) «intermediate» migrants (4 to 5 times) and 4) «hyperactive» migrants (6 or more times). Besides, they have been asked to express their attitude towards «settling (in a new place)» when completing the questionnaire column titled «native/non-native.»

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Authors: D. Kukeev

The Corpus of Eastern Sources on the Oirats’ history and the study of Qing multilingual texts is the primary focus of the present article. Focusing on Chinese “Fanglue” and Manchu version of “Bodogon-i bithe”, the author presents to Russian scholars the earlier unknown results of overseas research in Orats studies, comparing multilingual texts of the same source. It is stated that the Manchu text proves to be more complete, whereas the Chinese one contains errors, omissions and deliberate corrections. The Manchu “Zòuzhé” texts are valuable for their being the primary source in multilingual collections, and, since many of them were not included in the “Fanglue” and even forbidden from being translated into Chinese, the valuable information was preserved only in Manchu. “Zòuzhé” is a collection of confidential reports from the local Qing trustees to the Emperor about the facts on the ground. The reports were sent to the Emperor directly, bypassing any intermediate instances. Every day the Emperor received 50–60 “Zòuzhé”. Twice a day reports, reviewed personally by the Emperor, would go to the Great Council (Junjuchu 軍機處) to be copied (wai ji 外纪) twice and sent to the archive and a person in charge. The original of the document with the resolution of the Emperor (Zhupi Zòuzhé 硃批奏摺) was sent to the reporter to review and returned them back; the violation of this rule was punishable by death. Written in the Manchu language “Zòuzhé” of that period often listed intelligence reports to the Emperor marked in Chinese “not for translation”. They contained confidential information on the situation along the Qing army’s proposed route, reports about Galdan and Tsewang-Rabdan, etc. “Zòuzhé” texts are now available for studies by Oirats researchers without a need to visit the archives of China or Taiwan for searching and selecting relevant documents. Multi-volume collection of “Zòuzhé” was published in the Chinese language by the National Palace Museum in Taiwan and then by the First Historic Archive in Beijing. Russian researchers are taking their first steps introducing valuable sources in Manchu on the history of Oirats in the scholarly practice of Mongolian studies.

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Authors: N. Mulaeva

The aim of the article is to lay down punctuation rules on participles and misrelated participles in a Kalmyk sentence when preparing texts of epic songs for compiling “Explanatory dictionary of the Kalmyk heroic epos Dzhangar”. Punctuation of particles and misrelated participles in Kalmyk language like in many other languages is strongly dependent on syntax. However, the meaning in the speech is a crucial moment to be taken into account, when building a sentence and choosing punctuation marks. It should be noted that the rules, laid down by the authors, are relevant only for the language materials of the epos Dzhangar. The main assumption is that it refers to the early historical period of the Oirat literary language, to its origin. For it bears the marks of the literary language due to its literary processing (arranged set of formulas – poetic, oratory, legal, everyday), its supradialectal form, as well as functional and stylistic diversity.

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Authors: E. Muchiryaeva

At the end of the XIX century there were different ways of collecting data on the Kalmyk Steppe. Along with annual reports of the Astrakhan Committee of Statistics, there were survey expedition of the Steppe, military-horse census and population census. Military-horse census had been carried out twice a year since 1902. On the whole, there were nine censuses organized from 1875–1912 in pre-revolutionary Russia. In organizational terms, the census was carried out by the warden of the ulus and ulus rulers. Census data included the following information: the name of the uyezd (district), the number of military horse section, the name of the volost (small rural district) and the name of horses roundup. All-Russian Rural Administrative Division was mentioned in the heading of each census table. After 1892 the Administration of the Kalmyk people had undergone the process of reorganization. The analysis of annual reports of the Chief Administration shows that the officials were charged with the collection of a huge amount of information on statistics and accounting. The given summary table, based on the reports of the Chief Administration for 1893–1917 years, demonstrates not only the specifics of its staff, but the scope of its activities in the field of statistical data collection. On the 15th of September 1918 it was decreed to establish local statistica l offices.