International Journal of Scientific Footprints

9

Authors: K. M. Mustafizur Rahman, Md. Ismail Tareque

Violence against children takes a variety of forms and is influenced by a wide range of factors from the personal characteristics of the victim and perpetrator to their cultural and physical environments. Violence against children has been emerged as a concerned and discussing matter reflecting its vulnerability, but society is static to take the issue in consideration and to address it in effective manner. It is noted that the community are fully unaware about those children who are in vulnerable situation are passing their lives in traumatic and stigmatic situation keeping them in darkness society. This study aims to delineate this issue across the different socio-economic backdrops of the children. Findings need to be scientifically utilized in developing suitable programs addressing the case of children of the developing countries as well as Bangladesh.

7

Authors: Najma Manzoor, Usman Shakoor, Ashfaq Ahmad, Hassan Shahzad

Developing nations, having economies in juvenile stage, are facing internal problems along with challenging issues on international level. Gender inequality is one of the critical subjects among those many problems. It refers to hidden disparity among individuals. A quite common phenomenon faced all around the globe, Pakistan is facing this problem in all aspects of life. It include but not limited to inequalities in paying rewards to labors, overall working conditions of labor market and provision of necessities (food, education and health). Theses all issues emerge due to unequal resource distribution during the phase of policy fabrication. Current study was designed to examine the gender status in Punjab province of Pakistan covering aspects like education, labor force participation and health sector. Secondary data was collected from Punjab Statistics Development, Federal Bureau of Statistics and other private and public organizations. Literacy rate was taken as output variable whereas, input variables included; infant mortality male-female ratio, male-female school enrolment ratio and male-female labor force participation ratio. Co-integration was exercised to conduct analysis. Results showed that there is gender biasness in literacy rate, labor force participation rate and enrollment ratio. Gender biasness is more in rural areas than urban areas. In addition to this, there is a positive relationship between literacy rate, primary school teachers, primary enrollment and labor force participation rate whereas a negative relationship exist between literacy rate and infant mortality rate.

10

Authors: Muhammad Abdul Rahman

Pakistan is the second largest country in South Asia, inhabiting a population of approximately 180 million and ranking 6th largest one in the world. The question rises here whether the tools of Solid Waste Management (SWM) are sufficient for the large population and whether the management of solid waste in the country is up to the recognized standards and whether can it sustain a 6th largest population of the world? The impact of certain actions of a nation causes worldwide effects, no matter these are economic or environmental. The environmental effects are global, and every one sharing world’s resources have to face the consequences of their actions which disturb the natural environment, SWM being a neglected issue, lacks proper attention, hence, it causes health and pollution problems. Effort has been made in this review paper to focus on resulting impacts of SWM in the country including, increase in Carbon Foot-Printing, dumping and its consequential issues such as some waste takes much time to decay, ground water pollution and its hazardous impact on the environment. Common methods used for dumping include the landfills, size reduction and screening. Industrial recycling has also been introduced, though at very thin level. The author, in this regard, has reviewed analytically the initiatives taken by the federal and provincial governments and their role. Privatization of SWM and to declare it as an industry can be an actionable option to mitigate the harmful impact of SWM due to mishandling of waste. Most importantly, illiteracy is another factor in mismanagement of SWM. This should be encountered on war footings as illiteracy is root cause of many other nationwide problems.