Hygeia journal for drugs and medicines

1-2

Authors: Dr.D.Suresh Kumar

The lifestyles of people worldwide have changed in the last century due to a rise in income, increased leisure time, and reduced physical activity. These new lifestyles have a considerable impact on health. Consequently, there is a global rise in the incidence of diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The medical world is therefore looking for better strategies to contain this trend. As a parallel development, there is a worldwide increase in health awareness and interest in herbal alternatives. Nowadays, elderly people worldwide are more concerned about the quality of the food and beverages that they consume. Functional foods have therefore emerged as an effective means for the prevention of diseases. This change in consumer outlook has encouraged the food and beverage industry to apply modern manufacturing technology in food fortification. A reduction in weight, a reduction of cholesterol, the promotion of bone health, an increase in energy, the enhancement of disease resistance through the immune system, and the improvement of digestive functions are the major health concerns that influence the purchase of functional foods.....

9-17

Authors: Sandhya S*, Venkata Ramana K,Vinod K.R

Plan: The methanol extracts of Tephrosia calophylla and Tephrosia maxima (Fabaceae) roots were assessed for the antacid activity by using self-fabricated modified artificial stomach model. Preface: Tephrosia calophylla and Tephrosia maxima are two medicinal plants prevalent to AndhraPradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. These two plants are used widely in folklore medicine for their antiulcer activity. Methodology: The preliminary chemical tests performed for the extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and carbohydrates. Then they were evaluated for the antacid potencies by working on the parameters like determination of pH of the prepared extracts, neutralizing effects on artificial gastric acids, duration of consistent neutralization effect on artificial gastric acids and neutralization capacity. Two commercially available antacids were used as the standard. Outcome: The methanolic extract T.maxima showed potent antacid activity when compared to T.calophylla and the two standards. Hence T.maxima can be considered as a potent substitute for the synthetic antacids that are well reputed for unwanted side effects. Further investigations on in vivo preclinical and clinical studies are yet to be performed.

28-33

Authors: Siji MP, K. Krishna Kumar, K. Jayapraksah, L. Panayappan*

Plan: Antiplatelet drugs are the cornerstone in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. They remain the mainstay in preventing aberrant platelet activation in pathophysiological conditions like myocardial infarction, ischemia and stroke. Preface: According to consensus guidelines, early revascularization and intensive antiplatelet therapy are keyto reducing the complication that arises from myocardial ischemia and the recurrence of cardiovascular events. The different anti-platelets are aspirin,clopidogrel, ticagrelor, elinogrel, ticlopidine. Effective antagonism of the P2Y12 platelet receptor is central to the treatment of acutecoronary syndrome. Limitations in safety, efficacy and tolerability haveprecluded many of the antiplatelet inhibitors from use in patients. Unforeseen incidences of increased bleeding risk andrecurrent arterial thrombosis observed in patients have hampered thedevelopment of superior next generation antiplatelet therapies. Outcome: The effective antiplatelettherapy is important for the acute and secondary prevention of cardiovasculardisease. The newer antiplatelet agents will reduce the limitation of thecurrent therapy.

42-50

Authors: Preeti Garg and Akashdeep

Diabetes mellitus is a common and very prevalent disease affecting the citizens of both developed and developing countries. It is estimated that 25% of the world population is affected by this disease. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism which is linked to low blood insulin level or insensitivity of target organs to insulin. In the present review we discussed about Herbal medicinal plants for the treatment of Diabetes mellitus.Herbs are used to manage Type 1 and Type II diabetes and their complications. This study may be useful to the health professionals, scientists and scholars working in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics to develop antidiabetic drugs.

1-2

Authors: Prof. Dr. Annie Shirwaikar

The use of herbal medicine has increased worldwide in recent years as they are believed to be safer with fewer adverse effects as compared to conventional medicines. Growing evidence points out that many current conventional drug therapies suppress the symptoms of disease while really ignoring the underlying processes , in contrariety to natural products which demonstrate better clinical results as they address the root cause more effectively. The full therapeutic potential of the herb is often,however, not realized because of unsuitable molecular size and/or poor lipid solubility,which in turn results in low absorption with reduced bioavailability. The poor progress in herbal medicine development has prompted the need for a multidisciplinary approach to drug delivery. For a long time a lack of scientific evidence,coupled with manufacturing problems like isolation and identification of individual pure phytocomponents and standardization deterred the development of herbal drugs and poly herbals as novel formulations. The need to increase patient compliance and to avert recurrent administration has necessitated a scientific approach in the development of these formulations. The novel drug delivery system technology has been useful in enhancing the bioavailability of herbal drug delivery systems. Novel carriers viz. liposomes, niosomes, nano-particles,lipid based systems etc. have been documented for successful modified herbal drug delivery.Some noteworthy advantages over the conventional herbal formulations include enhanced stability, solubility, bioavailability,pharmacological activity, sustained delivery etc.

10-17

Authors: P. Ragavendran, Radha A., Mariya Paul and D. Suresh Kumar*

Plan: Careya arborea is a medicinal plant used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine. The bark, leaves and fruits are used in these systems for the treatment of ulcers, haemorrhoids and tumours. Several reports are available on the pharmacognosy of the leaf and bark of this medicinal tree. However, there is complete lack of information on the pharmacognosy of the fruit. The present paper is the first report on this subject. Methodology: Histology of the fruit and microscopy of the fruit powder were studied. Tests for identification of phytochemical compound classes were carried out on methanol extract of the fresh fruit. The chemical constitution of the fruits was studied using HPTLC and HPLC. Outcome: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, sterols and fixed oils. The fruit contains high amount of phenols, of which, gallic acid is present at the rate of 0.92 ± 0.03%. The high content of gallic acid and reported antibacterial activities of the extract quality the fruit for further investigations.

28-37

Authors: Bandita Sarma1, Shamanna Mohan1, JanardhanSaravanan, Satyendra Deka*, Pallab Kalita, Nayan Talukdar, Bhargav Nimavat

Plan: Present work aims to synthesize a series of new benimidazoles (SBS-a-m) with various substitutions at 2-o-amino phenyl position and to evaluate their in-vitro antibacterial and anti-fungal activity. Prologue: Benzimidazole containing organic compounds forms a significant group of drugs which exhibit an array of biological activities ranging from antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic activities and so on. Methodology: The starting material SBS was synthesized by microwave irradiation of o-phenylenediamine and anthranilic acid mixture in presence of polyphosphoric acid. SBS was further derivatized to Schiff bases (SBS-a-m) by reacting with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. The in-vitro antibacterial and anti-fungal activity was carried out by the agar diffusion method using Ampicillin and Miconazole nitrate respectively as standards at a concentration of 50µg/0.1ml. Outcome: SBS-k was found to be most active on all the bacteria used and SBS-e showed good activity against both Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against both Gram-negative bacteria. No compound showed significant antifungal activity.

46-56

Authors: Francis M Saleshier*, Sajna Hameed, Jubina Karim, and Mythri.M

Plan: The present study focuses on the structure based drug design approach for anticancer activity of various substituted benzothiazoles whether as an EGFR TK inhibitor or as topoisomerase inhibitor. Preface: The development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer is of vital importance since the currently available chemotherapeutic agents only provide palliative care. Benzothiazoles are multitarget agents with broad spectrum of biological activity. Topoisomerase II inhibitors are in clinical use as anticancer therapy for decades and works by stabilizing the enzyme induced DNA breaks. Methodology: Computer aided drug design brings out the molecular study of the enzymes and the various other targets, it opens the new world of drug discovery into a target specific path of a drug towards disease. The Insilico method mainly includes the target selection, selection of lead and the lead optimization. Outcome: Docking results confirmed the possibility of benzothiazole moiety possessing the anticancer activity. The structure was finally characterized by UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectra. In the present work the tumorigenic cell line activity of the substituted benzothiazole is compared with the two standard drugs Gefitinib and Doxorubicin by an Invitro assay against Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites cell using trypan blue dye and percentage inhibition was calculated.