International Journal of Cancer Research and Molecular Mechanisms

5

Authors: Wondemagegnhu Tigeneh

During the Last two decades the incidence of cancer has increased in an ascending pattern worldwide. The type and pattern of cancer varies with between geographical region location, people’s life style and socio-economic development status of a given country. Some types of cancers are more common in the developed world and others occur more frequently in developing countries. It is expectable that with increase in life expectancy, adapting western life style and increasing growth of industrialization, the burden of cancer in sub-Saharan African countries is likely to increase in the new millennium. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify the pattern and type of cancer in Ethiopia based on the hospital registry for the last 14 years from 1998 up to 2010 in the only Oncology Center for the country in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective study aims to determine the pattern of cancer based on hospital registry in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Oncology Center. All data was carefully reviewed from the registration log book, if any inadequate information was counter checked from the file and excluded from analysis if proven to be in adequate. Any correction or additional information of data was done based on the file and then SPSS statistical package was used to analyze the pattern of cancer, type and other variable. Result: According to our study we found that 72.8% are females and the rest 27.2 % are males. Among all patients only 10% of patients did come to the center in early stage I and II. The most common malignancy in female was gynecological malignancy 47% followed by breast carcinoma 26%. Ca uterine cervix found the most common malignancies among all gynecological malignancies. Head and Neck malignancy is found to be the leading malignancy in male 22% followed by sarcoma 15%, Gastrointestinal 12%, Hematology malignancies and urogenital 9% each and Thyroid 5%. Conclusion: Cancer has been increasingly recognized as a critical public health problem in Ethiopia, Despite this increasing burden, cancer continues to receive low public health priority in Africa, largely because of the overwhelming burden of communicable diseases and limited resources. In this study summarized the available information on cancer occurrence in Ethiopia, this should be helpful to raise cancer awareness and promote cancer prevention and control in this country. We highly recommended establishing functional population-based cancer registries within the country to facilitate cancer control strategic plan and to improve insight to policymaker about pattern and type of cancer. Pattern of cancer in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Oncology center in Ethiopia from 1998 to 2010

7

Authors: Mukesh Verma

Analysis of microbiome sampled from a given cancer site can yield information that may serve as a prognostic of exposure, risk, disease progression, and treatment response. We reviewed available published literature, and grants funded by the National Cancer Institute’s Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences to identify trends and areas for future research. The incorporation of microbiome analysis in epidemiologic studies of cancer is providing some promising insights into risk stratification. However, our analysis identified several knowledge gaps in this emerging field: 1. Limited evidence for the stability of different biospecimen types over time and at given temperatures for microbiome analysis, 2. Analysis software that reliably standardizes sequencing data from different platforms and corrects for biases against rare or unrepresented taxa, 3. Harmonization of methods used for microbiome analysis across research centers. 4. Surrogate markers that will be useful for monitoring disease progression from the time of infection to cancer development, 5. Time-varying microbiome in the natural history of different cancers in order to identify key microbiota or shifts in community structure, and 6. Determining whether the microbiota cause or effect cancer risk and outcomes. If these knowledge gaps are addressed, microbiome analysis is likely to provide the cancer field with new approaches for early diagnosis and help develop more effective preventative measures.