Population Processes

3-16

Authors: Tatyana S. Gubaidullina

The article describes the legal cases regarding peasants' refusal to undergo smallpox vaccination in the pre-reform period of the 19th century. The period is determined by the sources themselves, stored in the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic for the Glazov district. The work contains ready-made tables compiled from court case data that can be used by genealogy specialists and other researchers. It was concluded that the measures taken to immunize the population of the Glazov district were fragmented. On the one hand, medical staff tried to demand obedience and vaccination from the population as strictly as possible. The court, relying on legislation, most often exempted peasants from trial. It is impossible not to note the weakness of state biopolitics at the legislative level. Since vaccination was not mandatory, the court could not do anything. An outbreak of smallpox in one of the localities in 1855 to some extent sobered up the local authorities. They began to ask the peasants more strictly; they could be fined for refusing vaccination. Smallpox vaccinators were also punished for negligence. Some documents noted the weakness of the educational work of the clergy on the issue of immunoprophylaxis of the population. Court documents regarding the refusal of smallpox vaccination contain valuable genealogical information about the Old Believers. Since the Old Believers are not listed in metric books, such a source can often become the main one in searching for relatives, studying the history of the settlement of schismatics, etc. As an additional source, this type can also be used on the implementation of preventive measures to prevent smallpox in the regions, changes in medical legislation, development of medical institutions related to vaccination. Based on the history of the judicial process, this source can also be used as an illustration of real civil court hearings of the pre-reform period of the 19th century. The tables compiled by the author, together with similar data from other regions, can be used by Big Data specialists. The sources described in the article may also be attractive for sociological and demographic research as an illustration of certain processes in society.

21-25

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev

The manuscript is devoted to some pages of the biography of Iosif Markovich Gol'dshtein (1868–1939), an outstanding demographer and economist. The materials of this manuscript are the works of the scientist, such as “Deutschlands Sodaindustrie in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart: ein kritischer Beitrag zur Geschichte der deutschen Zollpolitik”, “Berufsgliederung und Reichtum”, “Die vermeintlichen und die wirklichen Ursachen des Bevolkerungstillstandes in Frankreich”, “Bevölkerungsprobleme und Berufsgliederung in Frankreich”, “Questionnaire on the causes of export decline Russian bread to England”, “The Russian-German trade agreement and the tasks of Russia”, “The Panama Canal, the fall in grain prices and our trade agreements”, “The agricultural Crisis”, etc. The methods of content analysis, biographical analysis and synthesis were used in the work. I.M. Gol'dshtein, having an excellent education, constantly evolved in his scientific preferences, dealing not only with economics, but also with economic demography, history, statistics. His scientific achievements, namely the problems of demographic growth with relative well-being in the state, are relevant up to today.