Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts

72-82

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev

The manuscript is devoted to the problems of the effectiveness of the White and Red movements in the Russian Civil War. The chronological framework of the study is the late 1910s – early 1920s. The source was the posters of the White Guards “Your relatives and friends are groaning under the yoke of the Bolshevik commissars...”, Here it is! The culprit of torture and death, the murderer of women and children!”, “As a sacrifice to the International”, "My son! Go and save the motherland!”, “Lavr Georgievich Kornilov”, “Why aren't you in the army?” and the posters of the Bolsheviks “Who is against the Soviets”, “The Tsar's regiments and the Red Army”, “Only commanders from the people will lead the Red Army”, “Have you signed up as a volunteer?”. There were used such methods of scientific research as historical-typological, historical-systemic, historical-genetic, as well as historiographic and synthesis methods. In the course of the work, it was concluded that the propaganda techniques expressed in the poster work of the White and Red movements were different. The “whites” appealed to conservative-minded segments of the population, focusing in propaganda on love of the motherland, monarchy and religion; the “reds” appealed to universal values such as freedom, equality, lack of exploitation, economic and industrial development, etc. The target audience for the propaganda of the White Movement was the educated part of the population, and the Red Movement had a fairly illiterate, poorest part of the population, which made up most of the inhabitants of Russia. The slogans of the Bolsheviks were understandable and interesting to the proletariat. In the end, the Bolshevik propaganda should be recognized as more effective, since it reached a wider audience. The Red Movement, with the help of propaganda and agitation, managed to attract the masses to its side, which predetermined its victory in the Civil War.

87-94

Authors: Roman W. Lapshin

The work reconstructs the biography of the steamship “Krasnaya Zvezda”, which became known as a propaganda steamer, on which in 1919worked N.K. Krupskaya and V.M. Molotov. Before the revolution, the ship bore the name “Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich”, and from April 1917 – “Anton Chekhov”. In the 1918 campaign, the ship was actively used in combat operations on the Volga, in July the ship was handed over to the Whites. The ship was captured again in the winter of 1918–1819, because of this the early history of the ship was practically not considered in Soviet historiography. After the propaganda voyages, the ship was transferred for passenger transportation, and was actively used for this purpose between Perm and Rybinsk. Having successfully survived the war, the ship was decommissioned, and in the 1960-80s. It was actively used as a recreation center near Sarapul. Since the history of the “Krasnaya Zvezda” after 1920 is also unremarkable, it is an ordinary passenger steamer, of which dozens operated on the Volga and Kama. Therefore, the second peak in the popularity of the vessel was associated with the decision to scrap it. However, due to objective reasons and the beginning of perestroika, the idea of museumifying the ship “Krasnaya Zvezda” was not continued.