Propaganda in the World and Local Conflicts

67-71

Authors: Anastasia V. Zueva

During the Civil War, agitation among the population played a vital role in consolidating the Bolsheviks in power. Numerous posters, brochures, and newspapers published by the Bolsheviks introduced into the minds of their readers the image of a good and correct society associated with communism. Of no small importance in this campaign was the image of the World Revolution. Readers were instilled with the idea that it was not only a necessary stage for the construction of communism, but also that it had already begun and was expanding. This article, using the example of the editorials of the Perm newspaper “Krasny Ural”, examines typical images of the World Revolution, which were offered to the common man in order to strengthen his faith in the new government. Three main stages of mapping can be traced. At the first stage, until approximately August 1919, propaganda in the newly liberated city took first place in the current tasks. During this period, the emphasis is on the depiction of the internal enemy – the bourgeoisie and landowners, who plunged workers and peasants into the horrors of the civil war. The second stage, which lasted until 1920, paints a picture of a Revolution blazing throughout the world. The emphasis is on depicting uprisings and protests in various parts of the world. Finally, at the third stage, which began after the end of the civil war, materials devoted to peaceful labor and the successes of socialist construction began to appear.

83-86

Authors: Vladimir B. Karataev

The work pays attention to the award documents of the staff propagandist of the Northern Region during the Civil War in Russia, Ensign V.A. Igelstrom. The attention is paid to his service both in the pre-war period and during the First World War and the Civil War. The materials for the study were the award documents of Ensign V.A. Igelstrom found in the Russian State Military Archive (Moscow, Russian Federation). The research methodology is based on the biographical method, since the award documents belong to a group of sources that have the properties to leave historical traces, due to the importance of the events that led to the awarding of the combatant (individual). The retrospective method is of secondary importance in the work, thanks to which the events are considered in chronological order. The author concludes that the award materials of Ensign V.A. Igelstrom are a valuable source for restoring the circumstances of his service both during the First and during the Civil War. Thanks to them, it was possible to restore his tenure in the rank of ensign and the circumstances of his service and awards during the Civil War. But the most remarkable thing about the service of Ensign V.A. Igelstrom was that he held a rare position in the war – the head of the propaganda department.

3-24

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev

The manuscript is devoted to the problems of military propaganda. The chronological framework of the study is the end of the 1910s – the beginning of the 1920s of the XXth century. The source was such posters of the White Guards as: “My son! Go and save the Motherland!”, “As a sacrifice to the International”, “Your relatives and friends are groaning under the yoke of the Bolshevik commissars...”, “That's who torments Great Russia”, “Why aren't you in the army?”, “A happy worker in the Soviet Department”, “Here he is! The culprit of torture and death, the murderer of women and children!”and etc. A total of 25 campaign posters were examined. There were used such methods of scientific research as historical-typological, historical-systemic, historical-genetic, as well as historiographic and synthesis methods. In the process of the work, the following conclusions were drawn that the propaganda posters of the White Movement were focused on conservative feelings: love of the motherland – patriotism, monarchy, religion and were aimed at inciting feelings of hatred, including confessional and nationalist elements. The most popular method in the poster art of the White Guards is the method of demonizing the enemy. The peculiarity of the political poster art of the White Guards is the depiction of portraits of the leaders of the White Movement (generals Denikin, Wrangel, Shkuro, etc.), since they considered the propaganda method of “infallibility of the leader” effective, indicating that talented generals lead the White Movement. A comparative analysis of the propaganda poster art of the Bolsheviks and the White Guards shows that the White Movement lost to the Red in propaganda work. The Bolsheviks were able to clearly identify those universal principles for which they fought, and accurately reflect them in their propaganda work, these goals of the struggle were clear to the majority of the population – workers and peasants. The White Guards had a different target audience – the intelligentsia, the nobility and the clergy, large entrepreneurs and wealthy peasants, therefore they appealed more to values such as patriotism, Orthodoxy, autocracy, etc.; these values were not interesting to the bulk of the population at that time.

31-36

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

The paper publishes and analyzes the manuscript of the synopsis of the boat tour on the route “Sarapul – Tchaikovsky”, compiled around 1972. The document is in the funds of the Department of archives of the administration of the city of Sarapul. The external and internal criticism of the source was made. Since the information about the events in the Kama region in 1918–1919 is of the greatest interest, this fragment is analyzed from the point of view of military propaganda. It is concluded that the synopsis is a typical product of Soviet propaganda of the early 1970s. In addition to advertising the achievements of the Soviet power, it represents a range of techniques that have found wide application in propaganda, such as: the active use of myth-making in describing the “slippery” moments of Soviet history, which is clearly seen on the example of the Golyanskaya barge of death (the exception of unwanted moments that can discredit the Soviet government, and replacing them with frankly mythical facts, which, nevertheless, fit well into the mainstream of Soviet propaganda).

56-64

Authors: Sergei N. Nikitin

The paper examines the propaganda of the protection of security information in the Red Army during the Second World War. There were used as materials the files of the issues of the Red Army newspaper “Razgromit' vraga” (“Defeat the Enemy”) of the 114th Infantry Division of the Red Army. The author concludes that the protection of classified materials during the Second World War was part of the propaganda work of the divisional mass media, for example, the newspaper of the 114th Infantry Division of the Red Army “Razgromit' vraga” (“Defeat the Enemy”). During 1944, such articles were published at least 4 times. According to their content, such publications were divided into short messages (notes), reprints from specialized publications (for example, A.S. pamphlet). Spectrov's “Vigilance – the Iron Law of War”), articles by official representatives of the judicial authorities (Ulrich), as well as articles without authorship, with a minimum of relevant information. Such publications appeared on average once every two months, that is, they had their own frequency and purpose – to remind military personnel of the need to preserve military secrets.