European Journal of Academic Essays

8-12

Authors: Helal Ragab Moussa , Mohamed Abd El-Fattah Hassan Mohamed

Soil salinity decreases plant growth, photosynthetic activity and productivity besides resulting in nutrient imbalance in plants. Coping with salinity is a global issue to ensure sustainable crop production. This study evaluated the efficacy of foliar applied growth enhancers, Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE; 20 times diluted), amongst naturally occurring plant growth stimulants, and for evaluating the efficacy of sulphate of potash as a source of potassium (SOP, 3%) in reducing the salinity effects in faba bean plants. The experiment was conducted with two levels of salinity in the nutrient solution, 0.0 (Control) and 135 mM of NaCl (S) which are equivalent to13 dS m-1 . Water spray treatment was taken as a control. The plants grown at 13 dS m-1 show a decreased in the chlorophyll (a+b), carotenoids, total protein contents, weight of 100 grains, enzyme activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCase), photosynthetic activity ( 14CO2-fixation) and macronutrient level (N, P, and K) in shoot and root. Foliar application of MLE+S and SOP+S increased these parameters as compared to salt stressed plants. In contrast, salt stressed faba bean plant considerably increased proline content, Na+ and Clˉ levels and transpiration rate as compared to control and plants treated with MLE+S and SOP+S. Meanwhile, foliar application of MLE+S and SOP+S decreased Na+ and Clˉ levels and proline content below that of the control plants. Foliar applied growth enhancers (MLE+S and SOP+S) increased the macronutrient contents N, P, and K in shoot and root of faba bean plants as compared to salt stressed and control plants. Nonetheless, foliar applied growth enhancers particularly moringa leaf extracts (MLE) and sulphate of potash as a source of potassium (SOP, 2%), ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity stress by enhancing carboxylating enzyme activity of RuBPCase, total protein level, macronutrient contents (N, P, and K), photosynthetic activity (14CO2-assimilation), total yield and plant secondary metabolites. Moringa leaf extract was more effective than sulphate of potash.

23-33

Authors: Dr. Ezzat Molouk Kenawy

The emergence of franchise-oriented investment is considered as one of the invented business and investment techniques in line of the global trade, technology and knowledge transfer in order to be consistent with the world trade development, economic development, technology progress, information revolution and the world opening on each other at the age of globalization. The franchise system consists of three axes, namely franchisor, franchisee, and franchise accession. The system targets the increase of project size, expand its activity circle through granting license to a project or many other projects to sell products or provide services by following a particular business and investment form belongs to the licensed project. The world franchisor companies numbered about 15 thousand companies of which the United States participates by almost more than 4 thousand franchisor companies. The United States occupies the first rank in this field and has 1500 trademarks circulated according to the franchise system. Despite of the increasingly franchise industry growth rates in the Middle East which is estimated by about 27% , however, the industry available opportunities and potentials are still higher than the current growth rates due to the legislative, knowledge and factual shortage in the region around that concept, or what can be called as franchise illiteracy. Although the Egyptian market has several characteristics which enable it to become a suitable investment climate to attract local and world franchise industry, the franchise industry in Egypt is still very far from the standards. This negatively affects the Egyptian economy ahead.