World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

25-30

Authors: Tesfaye Kassa, Razaq HE Al-Sayidi

One of the most important factors affecting public health is the use of antibiotics to treat infectious diseases. It is the most important medical discovery of the twentieth century, as antibiotics contributed to controlling many bacterial epidemics in addition to treating infectious diseases. The overuse of antibiotics, especially in developing countries, has a negative impact on public health. Therefore, many organizations have worked to establish strict policies for the use of antibiotics. The current study highlights the main types of antibiotics their mechanism of action against bacteria and their role in public health. Those who understood the One Health approach contributed to developing a policy and action plan to reduce the misuse of antibiotics as well as control bacterial resistance to these antibiotics. International organizations and research centers developed important policies and initiatives to limit the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The most important strategies used to confront antibiotic-resistant bacteria are to find alternative treatments, as well as developing health education fields, and provide warning curricula that highlight the danger of the decreased efficiency of antibiotics in treating diseases and epidemics. The ambitions for the future are great in this field, especially by supporting scientific research that relies on the use of alternatives to antibiotics in treating infectious diseases, in addition to setting clear policies that restrict unnecessary uses of antibiotics. It can be concluded from this study that the optimal and scientific use of antibiotics reflects positively on public health by reducing the outbreak of infectious diseases and that focusing on alternative antibacterial medicine will create hope for a better future against infectious diseases.

36 - 40

Authors: Majid Neamah Ali, Mehdi Meskini Heydarlou

The bacterial secretions into the growth medium that are produced as a result of the dynamics of growth and death of bacteria such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides stimulate inflammatory response. The effect of extracellular bacterial secretions that are released by bacteria during growth on inflammatory response as well as the body's tissues is not clear. The current study aims to highlight the effect of sterile bacterial secretion (IBS) of clinical isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa on lung tissue. Here, P. aeruginosa was isolated from urine and grown on Luria-Bertani (LB) broth for a day, and IBSs were collected after filtration using a Millipore filter. These materials were administered to the experimental mice intranasally (i.n.). The tissue sections of the mouse lungs and the number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were examined. The histological sections showed an increase in the leukocyte infiltration into the alveoli cavity and walls was seen as early as 4 h post-installation, and this continued until the second day. However, at 72 post instillation, it was found that the lung tissue had almost completely recovered and returned to its normal shape. The study also showed an increase in the number of Leukocytes number in BAL of mice that were given the IBS as early as 4 h post instillation this increase continued until 72 h. The results showed the effect of IBS in stimulating a safe inflammatory response in the lungs of mice, and this could help in the possibility of using these materials in the future to increase the immunostimulation of weak immunostimulatory antigens.

46-50

Authors: Jenan A.Ghafil, May T. Fliyh, Lubna Ali Abd Al-Mutalib

The infection of burn injuries by Pseudomonas aeruginosa represent a biggest challenges facing doctors. Therefore, treating infected burns area requires finding an animal model that helps standardize the treatment protocols used to treat infected burns, as well as to test appropriate medications. The current study aims to prepare a model of burnt ears as well as those infected with P. aeruginosa. In the present study, the posterior portion of mice back was burned using an iron bar heated with boiling water (100 oC). After one hour, the burn area was contaminated with a standard dose of P. aeruginosa (50 µl of 108 c.f.u./ml). The changes that occur in burned skin and bacteria contamination were observed with the neck eye, in addition to collect skin pieces (after 48 h) from infected area and put them in 10 % of formalin for histological examination. The results of the histological examination showed damage to the tissues that were burned and that were exposed to the standard dose of P. aeruginosa, where the destruction of epithelial layer and damage to the dermis layer was observed, in addition to the appearance of edema, as well as the infiltration of leukocytes. As for tissues taken from mice that were subjected to burning (posterior portion) without contamination with bacteria, minor changes were observed and they quickly returned to their normal status. It can be concluded that the method used was effective in preparing a model of burned mice infected with bacteria, and this will help in conducting experiments to standardize the protocol of treatments.