World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

1 - 6

Authors: Razaq Hadi Eissa Al-Garawi, Layla F. Ali

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the biggest changes humanity has faced over many centuries, causing health, social and economic disasters. Bacterial co-infections with COVID-19, especially respiratory tract bacteria play an important role in increasing the severity of the epidemic, increasing the mortality and morbidity rate, especially among elderly patients and immunosuppressive patients. Infection with the COVID-19 virus paves the way for the occurrence of high-risk bacterial respiratory infections caused by many species, through the effect of this virus on the immune system and the destruction of lung tissue. Immune modulation is considered one of the strategies that the body follows to confront COVID-19 infection and co-bacterial infections. That may cause affect negatively on the human body as a result of immunosuppression due to many factors, including the use of immunosuppressive drugs. The mechanism of interaction between infection with COVID- 19 and co-bacterial infection is governed by several factors, including the role of the virus in paving the way for the infection to occur, in relation to its effect on the immune system directly or indirectly, in addition to the role of the virus in removing barriers to bacteria to cause infection. The use of antibiotics in an appropriate manner (not excessive) can have a positive impact on the treatment of bacterial infections associated with infection with COVID-19, as well as vaccination against some respiratory system bacteria, in addition to COVID-19. The trend in the future is to innovate ways to treat or vaccinate the cases of suffering from COVID-19 co-bacterial infections could play an important role in reducing the death rate in these cases.

11-15

Authors: Ruia S. Kamal, Hayder Badri Ali

The morphological features used in the classification of aphid species are supported by microscopic examination. This process requires significant expertise and facing several challenges. The present study aims to collect aphids from different environments and classify them using their morphological features. The different aphid samples were collected during the spring and summertime. The genus and species of aphids were classified. The samples were prepared by cooking the samples in 95% ethanol for 10 min in a nutshell. The body contents of the aphids were boiled for 10–20 min in a 10% KOH solution or for 2–5 min in 40% KOH until they liquefied before being transferred to 5 ml of distilled water. The measurement of the antenna (ANT), the distance along the antenna from the Processus terminalis (ANT PT) tip to the base of the segment I. Base antennal VI: The distance between the basal articulations to the main rhinarium's distal end. The distance between the apical ends of the main rhinarium to the tip of the ultimate antennal segment is known as the processus terminalis (ANT PT or PT). Body length (BL) is the distance between the front's midpoint and the cauda's base. Cauda: The distance between the cauda's center and apex. Siphunculi: the distance between the base and peak of a siphunculi. The length of the ultimate rostral segment (URS) is measured from the tip of the rostrum to the basal articulations of segment 4. HT II: Length of Second segment of hind tarsus from basal articulation to the tip of the segment. According to the above measurement, three species of the genus Rhopalosiphum Koch; Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphum sp. was identified in the studies area. It can concluded that the morphological feature can be depended on in the classification of aphid but that need to be supported by the other new technologies.

21-25

Authors: Rusul Hisham Ahmed, Ayaid Khadem Zgair

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered one of the most common autoimmune diseases in the world. The nature of this disease, as well as the medications used to treat it, contributes to the occurrence of various bacterial infections. The current study aims to determine the effect of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) on the activity of RA in terms of DAS28. In the present study, urine samples were collected from 70 patients suffering from RA and 30 healthy volunteers who did not suffer from RA. The bacterial isolates were isolated and identified using different enrich, selective, and differentiation media. Biochemical tests were also used to identify bacterial isolates. Bacterial diagnosis has been enhanced using VITIC technology. The study proved that the incidence of bacterial UTI patients with RA was higher than in the healthy control group who do not suffer from RA. The highest bacterial infection was found in the case of Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus. While the lowest bacteria infection was found in the case of Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is no significant difference in the DAS28 of the cases (RA) infected with Escherichia coli, K. pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, and Streptococcus spp. The infection (UTI –RA) with S. haemolyticus involved with disease activity (high DAS28) P<0.05 as compared with DAS28 of all RA cases. It can be concluded from the current study that the rate of UTI in patients with RA was higher than in healthy people who do not suffer from RA. The species of bacteria that causes UTIs does not affect the level of activity of RA (DAS28) except the S. haemolyticus.