World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

87 -92

Authors: Maha Muhamed Khudiar, Ahmed Ibrahim Jessim, Areej Zuhair Azeez, Saad Sabah Fakhry, Samarah Jafar Alwash, Yasameen Ibrahim Farhan, Ali Abdulqader Abdulbaqi

Formation and presence of biofilm leads to rise concerning of human towards food industries, because Biofilm formation impact human health and his economic negatively Staphylococcus spp. is a pathogenic bacteria, can form biofilm when conditions are adequate, also its able to transition from human to the food and food-contact surfaces due to the nature and habit of these type of bacteria. Staphylococcus spp. was Isolated from different food samples in processing plant of food preparation, and identified based on 16SrRNA using T stag primer, also we used forward primer Sa442-1 and reveres primer Sa442-2 to confirm the identification of Staphylococcus aureus, from 36 isolates, 18 isolates was identified as S. aureus. The ability of bacteria to form biofilm was verified by the use of polystyrene microtiter plate assay with crystal violet staining. There were clear differences among Staphylococcus spp. isolates in biofilm formation, the ability was measured by determination of adhesion to polystyrene microtiter plates and compared with Bacillus spp. as a control positive and control negative. Isolates of Staphylococcus spp. showed different ability to form biofilm and adhere on polystyrene plates.

98-107

Authors: Maysoon Tariq Tawfiq

Diazotization of pyridine-4-amine (1) to form diazonium chloride salt (2): pyridine-4-diazonium chloride which undergo coupling reaction with various anions in DMF, and EtOH to give: 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) isoindoline-1,3-dione (3), 2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium) isoindoline-1-one-3-sulphoxide (4), and ethyl 2- (pyridine-4-yldiazonium) acetate (5). The last ester was converted to the acid hydrazide: 2-(pyridine-4- yldiazonium) acetohydrazide (6) which was condensed with 4-chlorobenzaldehyde in absolute ethanol and some drops of glacial acetic acid to give the Schiff's base: N -_(4-chlorobenzylidene) -2-(pyridine-4- yldiazonium) acetohydrazide (7). Schiff's base was reacted with benzoic acid derivatives (2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 2-mercaptobenzoic acid) in ethanol to give: N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo- 1,2-dihydroquinazoline-3-(4H)-yl]-2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium)acetamide (8), N-[2-(4-chloro-phenyl)-4-oxo-2Hbenzo[ e][1,3]oxazine-3-(4H)-yl-2- (pyridine-4-yldi azonium)acetamide (9), and N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-oxo- 2H-benzo[e][1,3]thiazine-3-(4H)-yl]-2-(pyridine-4-yldiazonium)acetamide (10). The spectral methods of the prepared compounds were characterized by FT.IR, 1HNMR (for compounds (4, and 10), and Uv-Vis (for compounds (3,4,8,9, and 10), besides melting points were recorded and the purity was checked through T.L.C. technique. Antibacterial activity for some of the synthesized compounds was screened.

112-117

Authors: Marwa H. Mtashar Al-Khafaji, Heba .K. Tawfeeq, Beadaa A. Mahdii

The ability of many bacteria to adhere to surfaces and form biofilm makes the treatment of infections so difficult and has major consequences in a variety of industries such as food industry. Biofilm generates a persistent cause of contamination, thus, in the present study; inhibition of biofilm formation efficacy of the combination of D-glycin with antibiotics was compared with the antibiotic alone against Escherichia coli biofilm formation. It was found that the synergetic action of antibiotics with D-glycin was effective on inhibition of biofilm formation. The isolates ability to form biofilm was assayed using the tissue culture plate and Congo-red agar methods and findings of this study were source related; since food origin isolates were more biofilm producers when the Congo-red agar used as compared with tissue culture plate method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of D-glycin, imipenem and ceftriaxone were determined. The combinations of D-glycin with antibiotics inhibited bacterial biofilm formation more than the antibiotics imipenem and ceftriaxone separately. Susceptibility test to eight antibiotics: Imipenem, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, amoxicilin, cephalexin, clarithromycin, gentamycin and tetracycline; was performed on planktonic cells, and the cells exhibited different sensitivity patterns to them depending on their source.

123-126

Authors: Rana Saady Abood, Anmar Saady Abood, Ghadah Mohommed Saleh

To determine the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and reproduction disorder (recurrent spontaneous abortion), twenty women patients who undergo spontaneous abortion during first trimester of pregnancy (20-38) years and have been investigated from 2015/12/1 -2016/3/1 and compared to fifteen healthy individuals. All subjects were carried out to measure anti-H. pylori IgA and anti- H. pylori IgG antibodies by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There was significant elevation (p≤ 0.05) in concentration of anti- H. pylori IgG Abs (6.30± 0.99) compared to control group (4.48± 0.61) and IgA Abs (5.42 ± 0.90 U /ml) as compared to control group (3.92 ± 0.41 U/ml). The percentage of H. pylori IgG and IgA was 20% and 25%, respectively. There was high significant (P ≤ 0.01) difference between control and test groups. While, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the concentration of IgA and IgG of H. pylori according to the age. These results indicate that infection with H. pylori play an important role in reproduction disorder of spontaneous abortion.

130-135

Authors: Ghusoon A. Abdulhasan, Sahar K. Alzubaidy, Ibrahim J. Abed

Klebsiella pneumoniae have an ability to form biofilm as one of strategies to persist and overcome host defenses. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of rosemary essential oil alone and in combination with some antibiotics against biofilm of K. pneumoniae isolated from urine. The antibiotics resistance pattern by disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, cefotoxime and rosemary essential oil were determined. The ability to form biofilm as well as inhibition of biofilm formation of K. pneumoniae was performed. MICs 128, 0.25, 768, 64, 384 and 104 μg/ml were used. The effect of MIC and 1/2 MIC of antibiotics and rosemary essential oil that used alone and in combinations found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in biofilm reduction percentage of all isolates in comparison to control. In conclusion, the combination of antibiotics with rosemary essential oil effect negatively on biofilm of K. pneumoniae.

143-146

Authors: Maysoon S. Abbas, Jenan M. Khalaf, Shaimaa N. Yassein

There are few researches concerning isolation and identification of yeasts and moulds from systemic infections in different kinds of fishes in Iraq. The objective of this study is to investigate the percentage of mycotic infection and evaluate the diversity of yeasts and moulds in the intestine of fish in different local markets in Baghdad. One hundred samples were collected from different parts of intestine that belong to 11 types of fish which included: Ilisha (28), Liza abu (25), Cyprinu carpio (24), Barbus Luteus (7), Hypophthilminthys Molitrix (5), Aspius Varax (4), Barbus Sherpeyi (2), Mugil Cephitus (2),Barbus Xanthopterus (1), Barbus grypus (1) and Carrains auratus (1). Many samples were taken from multiple portions in intestine and cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). The results revealed that the percentage of systemic mycosis in fish was 62% which classified to 55% yeasts and 7% moulds. Divided to Cryptococcus spp (19%), Candida krusei (11%), Candida quillermondii (9%), Blastomyces dermatitidis (9%), Candida pseudotropicalis (7%), Aspergillus flavus (6%) and Rizipus (1%). The current study suggests that the fungal diseases appeared as a serious threat to the fresh water fishes and human through handling in infected fishes.

7-14

Authors: Shahad E. Hamed, Ayyad W. Al Shahwany

This study was carried out to determine bacteriostatic property of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Cinnamomum zeylanicum phenolic plant extracts as reducing agent against multiple drug resistant (MDR) of six isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and wound. Several experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect of phenolic extracted from plants and combination of phenolic with silver nanoparticles by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Also, the study included identification of active compounds present in the phenolic extracts by fast liquid chromatography (FLC). The study focused on the characterization and application of silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] which indicated a size range of 101.77 nm. The Complete Randomized Design [CRD]was used as experimental design. Data were analyzed by using statistical analysis system- SAS to study the effect of different phenolic plant extracts and the nanoparticles on some bacterial isolates. All plant extracts were showed high activity against all S. aureus isolates. Besides, the silver nanoparticles have potent antibacterial activities against all S. aureus isolates. The FLC results showed that T. vulgaris phenolic extract was the most effective against S. aureus isolates than the other tested extracts because of total concentration of the identified phenols was the highest in T. vulgaris extract (968.95 μg/ml). The data indicated that the lowest effective concentration for T. vulgaris and nanoparticles were 6.25 and 3.125%. Analyses of the interaction data between T. vulgaris extract with silver nanoparticles showed the lowest effective concentration were 12.5, 3.125%, respectively. But in case of C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale were 100, 6.25% and 50, 6.25%, respectively. Finally, using plant extracts with silver nanoparticles as new types of bacteriostatic agent led to decrease concentration for both of them, which reduce their side effects on other living organisms.

20 -24

Authors: Ghadah Mohammed Saleh, Shaymaa Suhail Najim, Azher Said Hindal

Exposure to tobacco smoke has significantly impacted on the gingival and oral flora, therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the bacterial flora in the oral cavity of smokers and compare it with that of normal non-smokers. The study included 20 male smokers (mean age: 30 ± 7.2) and 20 male non-smokers (mean age: 31 ± 8.6). Bacterial isolates were identified after isolation by biochemical tests. The number of neutrophils in saliva was also estimated for all study individuals. The results revealed 171 bacterial isolate from smokers and non-smokers. The predominant isolate was Streptococcus sp. in both groups but with higher percentage in non-smokers (42.6%) compared to smokers (31.6%). Anaerobic bacteria showed a higher percentage (36.2%) in smokers compared to non-smokers (22.8%) at P < 0.05. Gram negative bacilli showed higher significant percentage in smokers (32.7%) compared to non-smokers (12.9%) (P < 0.05). The mean number of neutrophils in smokers was significantly lower (30 cell/ml) than non-smokers (48 cell/ml). Well-known pathogenic isolates presented only in oral samples of smokers. In conclusion, smoking may have a negative effect on neutrophils presence in the oral cavity and this may encourage the growth of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria to cause oral infections such as periodontitis as well as other infections.

29-31

Authors: Haider S. Kadhem, Ahmed A. Abed Ali, Osama M. Hassan

Personal mobile phone is part of human accessories and used in every moment. The high bacterial contaminat the main source for many pathogenic disorders. In general the rate of bacterial contamination in mobile phones 100%. The bacterial percentages of isolation frequency and occurrence were Staphylococcus aureus (5 Staphylococcus epidermidis (84%), Bacillus spp. (30%), Escherichia coli (43%) and Proteus spp. (11%). The res findings indicate that Staphylococcus epidermidis is dominant bacteria associated with mobile phones, due to direct contact with the human skin.

37-39

Authors: Morouge Ayad Al-Shammary, Hind Suhail Abdulhay

In this study, the ability of Oscillatoria limnetica was evaluated in the adsorption of copper and zinc within the optimum growth conditions of these algae species. The algae exposed to different concentrations of copper and zinc, for testing ability of algae in removal of both elements. The results showed the significant ability of O. limnetica to remove the copper ion from the aqueous solution. The removal percentage was 85.71, 65.71, 69.1, 84.78, and 88.35 for the concentrations 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 ppm, respectively. There was a complete removal of the copper on the day 11 of the experiment. The removal percentage of zinc was 97.23, 97.73, 98.28, 98.73 and 98.3 for the concentrations 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 ppm, respectively. The results suggest that the possible of using O. limnetica in removal heavy metals from wastewater.

49-52

Authors: Haifa NM, Ali SM

The present study evaluates the insecticidal activity of (acetone, methanol and water) crude leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica against Brevicoryne brassicae. The alcoholic extracts (5 %) that extracted by acetone and methanol showed 100 and 81.6% mortality of adult B. brassicae, respectively and 100 and 90% mortality of nymphs B. brassicae, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed that the presence of flavones, volatiles oils, tannins, saponines, glycosides, alkaloids, resins and terpenoids in methanol (80%) crude extract. It can be concluded that the acetone and methanol crude leaf extract of A. vasica nees can produce high mortality percentage in (nymphs and adults) of B. brassicae, so it can be used as insecticides.

58-61

Authors: Khalid Abdul kreem Mohammed, Saba Zuhair Hussein, Sawsan I. Noori

Grape seed extracts have several effects on hosts in terms of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The many international studies focused on different species. The present study focused on the local species of grape (Vitis vinifera). The seeds were collected from local plants and alcoholic and aquatic extracts were obtained from grape (V. vinifera) seeds. The antibacterial effect of these extracts was evaluated against different bacterial species. The results showed that the alcoholic extract has antibacterial ability while, aquatic extract do not have this attribute. Alcoholic extract was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and it was found that the extract has many main bonds at 3450 /cm which represent NH2 groups, 3008 /cm that represents frequency asymmetrical patterns of aromatic group C-H, 2925/cm represented frequency patterns of alphatic bond of CH group, 1745/cm which is the patterns match the frequency of the ester anhydrate group (C=O) and at 1649/cm and 1618 /cm represent the frequency of pattern of group C=C [12]. It can concluded that the compounds that mentioned above pay an important role in biological activity of alcoholic grape seed extracts in terms of antibacterial activity.

66-69

Authors: Hayder H. Abed, Zainab Y. Kadhim, Saif M. Abed, Zahra S. Mahdi

In present study biological and chemical pollution of Euphrates River in Samawah city in Iraq were studies. Samples were collecting from three places; al-Majed area, Samawah city and al-Khader city. This study included analysis of five heavy metals in the river (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd and Zn); the study also included some bacterial pollution in the river in the three places. The study involving total Plate Count of the aerobic microbes in addition to isolation and identification of some bacterial isolates that present in the stream of river in the studied places. The results showed difference in concentration of metals in the river and increase in the concentrations, especially in al-Khader city due to pollution in Samawah city also the bacteriological study showed presence of different bacterial species; Escherichia coli (24.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (10.11%), Salmonella spp (4.79%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20.3%), Proteus mirbalis (11.45 %), Proteus vulgaris (7.55%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.21), Staphylococcus aureus (8.91%), Staphylococcus epidermids (5.18 %), E. coli represented the main bacteria as compared with others bacteria. The study showed increase in the five studies heavy metals concentrations in AL-Khader city especifically in case of copper and lead.

75 -78

Authors: Aliaa Hussein Talib, Sanaa Talib Jawed

The human health affected by plants that grown in contaminated area. Therefore, this research was done to estimate the heavy metals pollution in a part of the Euphrates River water, soil and plants for land on both sides of the river were collected. The area (Alasforeh) was located between the high way bridges. People in (Alasforeh) used the river water for irrigation. Ten samples of river water, 10 samples of soil and 10 other samples of dry weight of plants such as Aplum graveolens, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa and Raphanus sativus were used. The concentrations of some heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn were analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of Pb in irrigation water was 7.38 mg/L, which was higher than an acceptable level that mentioned in WHO reports. The Ni concentration of soil was high, it was 73, 60 and 53.2 mg/kg in A. graveolens, H. vulgare, and M. sativa, respectively. Concentration of heavy metals in the lower layers of the soil was more than surface layer. Concentrations of Cd were high in the M. sativa and A. graveolens plants, 0.608 and 0.325 mg/kg, respectively. Consequently the increasing of consumption for these contaminated plants by community could cause health problems in the future.