World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

36-40

Authors: Hala M. Radif, Shatha S. Hassan

Many samples of plant roots soil were collected from Iraq soils, fifty two isolates were obtained from these samples. The ability of Azospirillum brasiliense to produce hydrolytic enzymes such as protease, chitinase, lipase, pectinase and phosphatase was screened. Most isolates produced these hysrolytic enzymes. A. brasiliense (Aw-1) showed the maximum ability to produce these enzymes hydrolyses ratio (5.2 mm) for chitinase, (4.2 mm) for pectinase and complete hydrolyses of protease, pectinase and phosphatase. This isolate was isolated from soil collected from wheat roots.

46-53.

Authors: Alaa Raheem Kazim and Sanaa Burhan alden

Phospholipid contains antimicrobial activity against different kind of microorganisms. This article aimed to study the optimal conditions for the production and extraction of phospholipid produced from Bacillus subtilis. The result showed that the best production was obtained in NG medium containing 1% glucose, 50 μg/ ml tryptophan, pH 10, inoculated with 10% of bacterial culture and incubated at 30oC for 72 h in shaker incubator. The phospholipid was extracted with 50 % n-butanol three times, 10 % methanol, and then 10 % ethyl acetate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for B. subtilis Bf21 phospholipid showed peaks as 3460.06, 3359.77cm-1, 3228.62 cm-1, 2945.10 cm-1, 1728.68 cm-1, 1110.92 cm-1, and 1080,06 cm-1. These peaks indicating the presence of stretching (O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O, C-O, and P=O), which are functional groups present in phospholipid. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis for B. subtilis Bf21 phospholipid was visualized after sprayed with spraying solution, as blue zone on a white background and Rf of phospholipid was 0.7.

59-63.

Authors: Alaa Raheem Kazim and Sanaa Burhan alden

Bacillus subtilis produces several antimicrobial compounds with different structurs. These antimicrobial compounds showed antimicrobial effect against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The present study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of phospholipid produces from Alkaliphilic B. subtilis isolated from different samples of food against different species of bacteria (Gram positive, Gram negative and actinomycetes) and fungi, and study the effect of pH and temperature on the antimicrobial activity of phospholipid. The results showed that the phospholipid produced from B. subtilis inhibited the growth of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis), Actinomyces sp. and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans) with different inhibition zones. It was observed that the antimicrobial activity of phospholipid was decreased at high temperature (50 0C) and pH (10). It can be concluded that the phospholipids produced from B. subtilis has anti-microbial activity and that affected by incubation condition (temperature and pH).

6-12

Authors: Lamia A. Gharb

Strigosella africana is wide distribution in Middle East. The morphological, anatomical features and geographical distribution of this plant in Iraq is scanty in literature. Thus, in present study, these were covered. The plants were collected from different districts of Iraq. The anatomical, morphological and geographical studies were conducted in present study. Our study provides first time the anatomical study about the stem, root and leaf of S. africana. Moreover, uniform kind of hairs was described. Three kinds of hairs were found on stem, simple unicellular with thick wall, unicellular hair with a bulge near the base and forked with either two or three branches. While, in leaves three kinds of hair were also found, simple unicellular hairs, forked with either two or three branches and two armed calcified hair, the last one has been described first time in present study. The morphological features of this plant were similar to general morphological characters of its family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae). The characters and numbers of nectar glands in S. africana were described first time here. It has pentagonal shape and located in the base of the stamens. Moreover, the number of these glands was six. The distribution of S. africana was all over the studied area (Iraq). Our study proved that the plant can grow on different kinds of soil that gave priority for this plant to appear in different geographic area. The present study gave the original information about the anatomical characters of S. aftricana and the uniform of hairs and nectar glands. These features may help in classification of this plant. Furthermore, the study shows the S. africana is widely distribution allover the Iraqi districts. The data of this study may help in updating the characters of plant presented in flora of Iraq.

19-23

Authors: Raghad S. Mouhamed, Mohammed Mosa Jafaar, Mohammad H. Hafudh, Lamees M. R. Abbas, Mohammed Mohsin Aziz, Mahmood Jalil Ahmad, Huda Mohsan, Heiba Simer, Jenan Atiyah Ghafil, Shaymaa Hussein Hassan, Ayaid Khadem Zgair

Pseudomonas aeruginosa readily binds to different kind of abiotic surfaces and form biofilm. The ability of the bacterial species to form biofilm onto polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is associated with several economic, health and environmental problems. The effect of kind of water on ability of this bacterium to form biofilm is scanty in literature. In present study, the ability of different environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plate was evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of waters that collected from different sources on biofilm formation of this bacterium onto PVC was studied. Spectrophotometric method was used to check the ability of bacteria to form biofilm and evaluated the role of waters onto ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm. The current study showed that all environmental isolates of P. aeruginosa had a good ability to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plate. PAE1 showed the maximum ability of biofilm formation onto polystyrene microtiter plate. The water that collected from different places such as well water, river water, sewage water, distilled water, tap water and lake water showed negative effect (P<0.05) on the ability of PAE1 to form biofilm onto polystyrene microtiter plate and PVC as compared to normal saline. From present study, it can be concluded that all isolates of P. aeruginosa that isolated from soil had a good ability to biofilm formation. The waters that collected from different environmental areas affected negatively on ability of P. aeruginosa to form biofilm onto polystyrene and PVC.