World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

83 -86

Authors: Zahraa A. Jabur, Saad S. Fakhry, Manal A.Hassan, Bashar qussay kadhem

The present study aims to estimate the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a contamination indicator in beef meat, dairy products and different types of ready food in local markets at Baghdad city. Sixty one samples of different food samples were tested. One isolate was detected, E. coli O157:H7 on differential and selective media MacConkey agar, sorbitol MacConkey agar, chromogenic media and routine biochemical tests were used to diagnose and identify the bacteria of other members of enterobacteriaceae. Seven isolates of E. coli were confirmed on Hi Crome EC 0157:H7 selective agar as E. coli 0157:H7, then results showed one isolate sorbitol negative carrying Shiga-like toxins (SLT)2 was detected by PCR as E. coli O157:H7, during experiments another isolate was sorbitol positive also carried SLT2. The duplex PCR procedure did not detect the SLT1 sequence in any of the contaminated samples, but found SLT2 genes in one of them. The current study supported that the presence of E. coli O157:H7 is low in food.

93 -97

Authors: Areej Zuhair Azeez, Yasameen Ibrahim Farhan, Ahmed Ibrahim Jessim, Saad Sabah Fakhry, Maha muhamed khudiar, Ali Abdulqader Adulbaqi, Lubna Ayad Ismail

This study represents the record of assessment for the level of contamination by Staphylococcus aureus of certain categories of animal source food and characterization of enterotoxigenic strains. That was done dependent on Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for identification genes coding for the production of toxin by Staphylococcus (SE). On basis of that information were compared the results obtained by PCR approximately the presence in the tested strains of genes encoding the enterotoxin. Number of coagulase-positive staphylococci was performed. At the end of incubation period of 24 h at 37 °C, the typical colonies were sub-cultured on triptycase soy broth, biochemical identification was subsequently completed in micro-method with the API Staph system. S. aureus were isolated from foods and confirmed by PCR with the identification of genus, species and toxins gene. From 350 tested food samples, (48.9%) were contaminated with S. aureus. From all tested samples, the percentage of contamination of fresh meat was 30.2 % from total number of samples, also including fresh meat preparations like (sausages( the percentage of contamination was 18.7%. The fresh meat contamination levels were varied from 5 CFU/gm to 720 CFU/gm. It was found 19 toxigenic strains isolated from meat products. They have proven to be carriers of genes coding to SE, in other hand there were 5 toxigenic strains isolated from pastry, ground beef and shell fish they were tested as a positive for SE. Use of innovative techniques for identification of genes encoding the production of enterotoxins, in addition to classic method of detection, allow identify gene carriers strains they could produce, in suitable conditions, toxins also different from those traditionally.

108-111

Authors: Ibtisam Hammood Naser AL Musawi, Alia Essam Alubadi, Ashwaq Abdul Jabbar Khadem, Niran Mohammad, Azhar Abdullah Dhedan

Helicobacter pylori is slightly responsible for liver diseases in many countries, prevalence of H. pylori as co-infection in Iraqi patients with viral hepatitis types problem is scanty in literature. Here, 63 Iraqi patients infected with viral hepatitis types HAV, HBV, HCV and HEV diagnosed by sera examination were recognized with bioelasia kit, and 30 healthy persons as a control were studied. The patients and healthy persons screened for H. pylori infection by examine anti- H. pylori in their sera. The result of diagnostic tests was analyzed statistically by percentage ratio, chi-square test, relative risk ratio and odds ratio. The results of showed that the relative risk of a viral hepatitis patients getting H. pylori was 74.6% about four times higher than risk of control getting H. pylori (16.7%), each of chi-square test, relative risk ratio and odds ratio showed significant differences values. The percentage of positive H. pylori in viral hepatitis types A, B, C and E types were 7.9%, 47.6%, 15.9% and 6.34%, respectively. The study demonstrated high prevalence of H. pylori in patients with HBV compared with patients infected with other types of hepatitis. Also the study manifested high percentage in male with coinfection of H. pylori compare with female, while the percentage of positive infected of H. pylori in viral hepatitis types depending on gender and type of hepatitis virus. In the HBV the highest percentage in male and female 39.7% and 22.2% respectively and in the HEV was the lowest percentage in male and female 4.8% and 6.3%, respectively.

118-122

Authors: Lamiaa A. Gharb, Abdul Latif M. Jawad, Muayad S. Shawkat

Cladophora glomerata is the most widely distributed macroalga throughout the world’s freshwater ecosystems. The immunological effects of C. glomerata in the present study were evaluated. The algal samples were collected from the fresh water in the canal around University of Baghdad. The GC- Mass analysis of crude algal extracts (aqueous and alcoholic) was carried out and the active chemical compounds in algal extracts were described. Phytol represented the highest one between the other compounds in alcoholic extract. Our study provides for the first time immunological effects of C. glomerata and phytol on interleukins (IL-2 and IL-4) and interferon-gamma levels. The production of IL-2 was increased as dose - dependent manner in all treated groups of mice. The production of IL-4 was also increased as dose-dependent manner in both alcoholic extract and phytol. The current study revealed that the aqueous extract increased IFN-γ as dose dependent manner, while the higher dose of alcoholic extract and phytol decreased IFN-γ. In addition, the lower dose of alcoholic extract increased IFN-γ. The data of this study suggested that the both crude extracts of C. glomerata and phytol can be used as immune-stimulator.

127-129

Authors: Ali Ibrahim Mohammed Alsamawi

This study was conducted to find out the relationship between renal failure and kidney function parameters like blood urea, blood sugar, blood pressure, serum phosphate, packed cell volume (PCV) %. Eight three subjects aged from 22 to 75 years old (53 males and 30 females), this study extended from December 2015 till April 2016. Sixty three patients were suffering from renal failure while other twenty were non infected and considered as control group. Blood urea, blood sugar, blood pressure, serum phospharous level were assayed using biochemical function tests, PCV% level was assayed using hematological test. It was found significant increase in blood urea, serum phospharous (P < 0.05) in the patients compared with control group, and significant decrease in PCV% (P < 0.05) in infected subjects as compared with non infected group. In contrast, it was observed no significant difference between infected and non infected individual in terms of level of blood sugar (P > 0.74).

136-142

Authors: Atul Kathait, Devinder Kumar Sharma, P Narashimha Reddy, Ajay Gaur, Asha Chandola- Saklani

Morphological characters of birds imitate their adaption occurred due to evolution and pressure of environmental for their ecological requirements. These characters are also significant towards their phylogenetic relationships in a genus and family. Lonchura genus is represented by colorful passerine birds widely distributed in Asia, Africa and Australia. One of their member Spotted munia is widely distributed in India in same type of habitat with similar kind of morphological appearances. However the populations show great variability in their physiology according to their altitudinal distributions. In the present study investigations were made to find the genetic and morphometric variation in the geographically varied population of spotted munia in India. Wild birds were caught, samples and data were collected for genetic and morphometric comparison. Data were analysed statistically and comparisons were made at population levels. In morphometric comparison we observed that the lengths northern population (101.8 mm) is high as compared to southern population (96.5 mm). We significantly observed the differences in other parameters too. In genetic comparisons separate population clusters were seen according to geographical locations. We observed morphometric variation according to their altitude. Higher altitude populations are big in size in compare to lower altitude population. It might be due to environmental pressure on their flight, food, prey and breeding. Similar differences were seen in genetic parameters too. Northern populations were seemed to be more genetically varied in compare to southern populations, indicate the ongoing process of speciation.

147-149

Authors: Jenan Atiyah Ghafil, Ayaid Khadem Zgair, Shaymaa Hussein Hassan, Walaa Najim Abd alwahed

Biofilm formation is one of the biggest challenges of scientist. Role of heavy metals in forming biofilm is not clear enough. Here, the effect of lead on biofilm formation by Bacillus spp. isolated from soil in terms of biofilm formation and remove was studied. In present study, 10 isolates of Bacillus spp were isolated from soil. The ability of all isolates to form biofilm was evaluated. The effect of lead on biofilm formation was studied by adding lead (pb) before forming biofilm. In another experiment the lead was added after biofilm formation to study the effect of lead on biofilm remove. The current study, showed the ability of all studied isolates to form biofilm. Maximum biofilm formation by Bacillus spp isolate number 8 (B8) followed by B1 and B3. The lowest biofilm formation was found in case of isolate 4 (B4). The lead (50 ppm) reduced biofilm formation by B8, B1 and B3 isolates when the lead used before biofilm formation (P <0.05). In another experiment the lead (50 ppm) was added after biofilm formation, it was observed that the biofilm formation was higher when the lead added (after biofilm formation) as compared with control (serial distilled water) and the difference was significant (P<0.05). It can be concluded that the lead effect negatively on biofilm formation and positively on stability of biofilm.