World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

7-14

Authors: Shahad E. Hamed, Ayyad W. Al Shahwany

This study was carried out to determine bacteriostatic property of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Thymus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Cinnamomum zeylanicum phenolic plant extracts as reducing agent against multiple drug resistant (MDR) of six isolates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood and wound. Several experiments were conducted to study the antibacterial effect of phenolic extracted from plants and combination of phenolic with silver nanoparticles by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Also, the study included identification of active compounds present in the phenolic extracts by fast liquid chromatography (FLC). The study focused on the characterization and application of silver nanoparticles [Ag-NPs] which indicated a size range of 101.77 nm. The Complete Randomized Design [CRD]was used as experimental design. Data were analyzed by using statistical analysis system- SAS to study the effect of different phenolic plant extracts and the nanoparticles on some bacterial isolates. All plant extracts were showed high activity against all S. aureus isolates. Besides, the silver nanoparticles have potent antibacterial activities against all S. aureus isolates. The FLC results showed that T. vulgaris phenolic extract was the most effective against S. aureus isolates than the other tested extracts because of total concentration of the identified phenols was the highest in T. vulgaris extract (968.95 μg/ml). The data indicated that the lowest effective concentration for T. vulgaris and nanoparticles were 6.25 and 3.125%. Analyses of the interaction data between T. vulgaris extract with silver nanoparticles showed the lowest effective concentration were 12.5, 3.125%, respectively. But in case of C. zeylanicum and Z. officinale were 100, 6.25% and 50, 6.25%, respectively. Finally, using plant extracts with silver nanoparticles as new types of bacteriostatic agent led to decrease concentration for both of them, which reduce their side effects on other living organisms.

20 -24

Authors: Ghadah Mohammed Saleh, Shaymaa Suhail Najim, Azher Said Hindal

Exposure to tobacco smoke has significantly impacted on the gingival and oral flora, therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the bacterial flora in the oral cavity of smokers and compare it with that of normal non-smokers. The study included 20 male smokers (mean age: 30 ± 7.2) and 20 male non-smokers (mean age: 31 ± 8.6). Bacterial isolates were identified after isolation by biochemical tests. The number of neutrophils in saliva was also estimated for all study individuals. The results revealed 171 bacterial isolate from smokers and non-smokers. The predominant isolate was Streptococcus sp. in both groups but with higher percentage in non-smokers (42.6%) compared to smokers (31.6%). Anaerobic bacteria showed a higher percentage (36.2%) in smokers compared to non-smokers (22.8%) at P < 0.05. Gram negative bacilli showed higher significant percentage in smokers (32.7%) compared to non-smokers (12.9%) (P < 0.05). The mean number of neutrophils in smokers was significantly lower (30 cell/ml) than non-smokers (48 cell/ml). Well-known pathogenic isolates presented only in oral samples of smokers. In conclusion, smoking may have a negative effect on neutrophils presence in the oral cavity and this may encourage the growth of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria to cause oral infections such as periodontitis as well as other infections.

29-31

Authors: Haider S. Kadhem, Ahmed A. Abed Ali, Osama M. Hassan

Personal mobile phone is part of human accessories and used in every moment. The high bacterial contaminat the main source for many pathogenic disorders. In general the rate of bacterial contamination in mobile phones 100%. The bacterial percentages of isolation frequency and occurrence were Staphylococcus aureus (5 Staphylococcus epidermidis (84%), Bacillus spp. (30%), Escherichia coli (43%) and Proteus spp. (11%). The res findings indicate that Staphylococcus epidermidis is dominant bacteria associated with mobile phones, due to direct contact with the human skin.

37-39

Authors: Morouge Ayad Al-Shammary, Hind Suhail Abdulhay

In this study, the ability of Oscillatoria limnetica was evaluated in the adsorption of copper and zinc within the optimum growth conditions of these algae species. The algae exposed to different concentrations of copper and zinc, for testing ability of algae in removal of both elements. The results showed the significant ability of O. limnetica to remove the copper ion from the aqueous solution. The removal percentage was 85.71, 65.71, 69.1, 84.78, and 88.35 for the concentrations 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 ppm, respectively. There was a complete removal of the copper on the day 11 of the experiment. The removal percentage of zinc was 97.23, 97.73, 98.28, 98.73 and 98.3 for the concentrations 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 ppm, respectively. The results suggest that the possible of using O. limnetica in removal heavy metals from wastewater.

49-52

Authors: Haifa NM, Ali SM

The present study evaluates the insecticidal activity of (acetone, methanol and water) crude leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica against Brevicoryne brassicae. The alcoholic extracts (5 %) that extracted by acetone and methanol showed 100 and 81.6% mortality of adult B. brassicae, respectively and 100 and 90% mortality of nymphs B. brassicae, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed that the presence of flavones, volatiles oils, tannins, saponines, glycosides, alkaloids, resins and terpenoids in methanol (80%) crude extract. It can be concluded that the acetone and methanol crude leaf extract of A. vasica nees can produce high mortality percentage in (nymphs and adults) of B. brassicae, so it can be used as insecticides.

58-61

Authors: Khalid Abdul kreem Mohammed, Saba Zuhair Hussein, Sawsan I. Noori

Grape seed extracts have several effects on hosts in terms of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The many international studies focused on different species. The present study focused on the local species of grape (Vitis vinifera). The seeds were collected from local plants and alcoholic and aquatic extracts were obtained from grape (V. vinifera) seeds. The antibacterial effect of these extracts was evaluated against different bacterial species. The results showed that the alcoholic extract has antibacterial ability while, aquatic extract do not have this attribute. Alcoholic extract was examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and it was found that the extract has many main bonds at 3450 /cm which represent NH2 groups, 3008 /cm that represents frequency asymmetrical patterns of aromatic group C-H, 2925/cm represented frequency patterns of alphatic bond of CH group, 1745/cm which is the patterns match the frequency of the ester anhydrate group (C=O) and at 1649/cm and 1618 /cm represent the frequency of pattern of group C=C [12]. It can concluded that the compounds that mentioned above pay an important role in biological activity of alcoholic grape seed extracts in terms of antibacterial activity.

66-69

Authors: Hayder H. Abed, Zainab Y. Kadhim, Saif M. Abed, Zahra S. Mahdi

In present study biological and chemical pollution of Euphrates River in Samawah city in Iraq were studies. Samples were collecting from three places; al-Majed area, Samawah city and al-Khader city. This study included analysis of five heavy metals in the river (Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd and Zn); the study also included some bacterial pollution in the river in the three places. The study involving total Plate Count of the aerobic microbes in addition to isolation and identification of some bacterial isolates that present in the stream of river in the studied places. The results showed difference in concentration of metals in the river and increase in the concentrations, especially in al-Khader city due to pollution in Samawah city also the bacteriological study showed presence of different bacterial species; Escherichia coli (24.5%), Enterobacter aerogenes (10.11%), Salmonella spp (4.79%), Klebsiella pneumonia (20.3%), Proteus mirbalis (11.45 %), Proteus vulgaris (7.55%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.21), Staphylococcus aureus (8.91%), Staphylococcus epidermids (5.18 %), E. coli represented the main bacteria as compared with others bacteria. The study showed increase in the five studies heavy metals concentrations in AL-Khader city especifically in case of copper and lead.

75 -78

Authors: Aliaa Hussein Talib, Sanaa Talib Jawed

The human health affected by plants that grown in contaminated area. Therefore, this research was done to estimate the heavy metals pollution in a part of the Euphrates River water, soil and plants for land on both sides of the river were collected. The area (Alasforeh) was located between the high way bridges. People in (Alasforeh) used the river water for irrigation. Ten samples of river water, 10 samples of soil and 10 other samples of dry weight of plants such as Aplum graveolens, Hordeum vulgare, Medicago sativa and Raphanus sativus were used. The concentrations of some heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn were analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of Pb in irrigation water was 7.38 mg/L, which was higher than an acceptable level that mentioned in WHO reports. The Ni concentration of soil was high, it was 73, 60 and 53.2 mg/kg in A. graveolens, H. vulgare, and M. sativa, respectively. Concentration of heavy metals in the lower layers of the soil was more than surface layer. Concentrations of Cd were high in the M. sativa and A. graveolens plants, 0.608 and 0.325 mg/kg, respectively. Consequently the increasing of consumption for these contaminated plants by community could cause health problems in the future.