World Journal of Experimental Biosciences

1-5

Authors: Majid Neamah Ali

The current study sheds light on the innate immune response as well as the inflammation that occurs as a result of the host cells being exposed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also showed the role of receptors on the surface of epithelial cells or other immune cells, especially those responsible for the primary immune response and the cells that cover the mucosal canal such as the respiratory tract. The study also showed how the response to P. aeruginosa occurs at the level of the inflammatory immune response as well as the cellular immune response represented by phagocytosis that occurs by phagocytic cells (macrophages) and polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophil). The possibility of finding a vaccine against infection with P. aeruginosa was also covered in this review, as this bacterium is responsible for a high rate of mortality, especially for patients who suffer from immunosuppression.

12-15

Authors: Majid Neemah Ali, Zainab Hani Hatif

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to stimulate the pro-inflammatory immune response in addition to causing infection. The current study aims to evaluate the effect of this bacteria on generating the pro-inflammatory immune response and whether this response can be short-term or long-term, as well as to identify the persistence of bacterial infection in the lungs of experimental mice. Here, P. aeruginosa (PAC) was isolated from sputum samples collected from patients suffering from acute respiratory tract infections. Experimental mice were given 108 c.f.u of P. aeruginosa intra-nasal (i.n.). The lungs were harvested at different time intervals (1, 2, 4, 24, 48h) to check the Interleukin (IL-)1 Beta (β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-) alpha (α) using Enzyme linkage immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and (4, 24, 48, 72h) for studying the bacterial burden in mice lung using plate count method. Significant increase in IL-1B with maximum level by 4 h post instillation. A similar finding was observed in studying the level of TNF-a. In both cytokines, a significant increase was observed up to 48 h post-instillation with P. aeruginosa. The study showed that the clinical isolate of P. aeruginosa could be persistent up to 72 h post-instillation with PAC. The current study confirms the ability of this bacteria to stimulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines for a long period, as well as its ability to remain in the lungs of animals for long periods, which confirms the ability of the bacteria to maintain its negative effect for long periods in experimental animal lungs.

20-27

Authors: Ruia S. Kamal, Hayder Badri Ali

Aphid species are usually identified by microscopic examination of morphological features. This process requires significant expertise and is difficult in immature aphid stages that lack many diagnostic morphological features in addition to the characterization of polymorphism in this group. The current study used molecular technique by detection of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene using Lep primer pairs (Forward and Reverse) to identify local Rhopalosiphum Koch. spp. these aphid samples were previously characterized by morphological features, and then compared between these two identification methods. Only 5% of samples were not detected by this primer. The DNA amplification product of the mitochondrial COI gene was subjected to direct sequencing. The sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene were obtained from 11 samples and each sample consisted of approximately 710 nucleotides. The results were compared to the Genbank database of the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information), and The sequencing results showed that the 10 samples of Rhopalosiphum had percentage similarities between 98-100% with Rhopalosiphum Padi and Rhopalosiphum miadas, and one sample couldn't find similarity to them in GenBank. The present study approves the importance of designing a specific primer that can differentiate between local Rhopalosiphum spp. that could improve the misidentification problems that are intrinsic to morphological features.