Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan

269-284

Authors: Adi Santoso & Abdurachman

Currenty, raw and supporting materials for adhesives industry such as NaOH, NH OH and methanol are available 4 in the domestic market, while raw material such as phenol and resorcinol derived from petroleum are reduced significantly, then, the use of raw material from other natural resources, like tannins derived from the tree bark is potentially developed. This paper explores and characterizes adhesive raw materials from mahogany bark (Swietenia mahagoni Jacq.) as phenolic source and tapioca as a source of carbohydrates. This paper also studies the copolymerization reaction between mahogany tannin extract with formaldehyde, as well as their mixtures with tapioca for adhesive application and its gluing quality. Pieces of mahogany barks were cut into chips measuring of approximately 2 x 1 x 0.1 cm, then soaked in oan extractor containing of hot water (70-80C) with a ratio of bark chips : water = 1: 3. Extraction was undergone for three hours with continuous stirring before the mixture was cooled and filtered. The chip bark residue was repeatedly extracted using the same procedure for the second cycle. The obtained filtrates were then mixed with the first one and divided into two parts: crystallized in a water bath and the other part was used for adhesive manufacture. The results showeed that tannin extracted from the bark of mahogany was a dark reddish brown in colour similar with that of phenolic compounds with viscosity of 1.04 poise, specific gravity of 1.02 and the degree of acidity (pH) of 4.0. Extraction of mahogany bark yielded 8.10 % extract, with an average solid content of 2.01%, phenolic compounds level of 6,9%, and distribution of molecular weights ranging from 44-658. The optimum adhesive formulation of the extract mahogany bark was the mixture using of 0.25 mol of technical resorcinol with 15% tapioca, 1 mol technical formalin and 4% catalyst (NaOH 40%) of the total adhesive weight.

297-303

Authors: R. Esa Pangersa Gusti & Totok K. Waluyo

Cocoa butter has long been used as a base ingredient for lipstick. Illipe nut's fat is known to have similar characteristics to those of cocoa butter, thus expectedly, it could be used as an alternative substitute for cocoa butter in lipstik manufacturing. This paper studies the appropriate Illipe nut's fat formulation for lipstick manufacturing. Water-based (WB1, WB2, WB3, WB4) and oil-based (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) formulations with illipe nut fat content of 2, 3, 4 and 5% were tested. The illipe nut's fat was produced from Shorea pinanga collected from West Java. Physical properties (i.e hardness and melting point) and organoleptic test (texture, shine, polish ability, odor and color) were analyzed. The results showed that M3 formulation with 2% illipe nut's fat level had similar physical properties to those of commercial lipsticks. Furthermore, the organoleptic test revealed that M5 formulation with 3% fat level was the most preferred by respondents. To obtain lipsticks performance which meets the requirements in commercial lipsticks criteria and also satisfies the respondent's preference, a combination of M3 and M5 formulation is recommended.

335-348

Authors: Soenarno, Wesman Edom, Zakaria Basari, Dulsalam, Sona Suhartana, & Yuniawati

Forest harvest is the first activity to undertake in extracting logs from the forest site. The amount of wood wastes generated during logging operation can be used for measuring the value of exploitation factor (FE). The greater FE indicates more efficient of wood utilization. Indonesian government has so far decided the formal FE is 0.7. This value is no longer accurate for the current better forest management situation which adopting practices of reduced impact logging-RIL and or RIL-C. Considering from economic aspects, the FE value has a very important role, i.e. as multiplying factor in determining annual allocation of wood production (JPT) and as a basic parameter in predicting earn business provision of natural forest (PSDH). Ecological aspects may interprete that the bigger FE value will bring about reduction of forest damages. This paper examines the FE in Sub-Region of East Kalimantan. Results show that the proper FE value for the East Kalimantan Province is ranged between 0.77 – 0.89. The amount of FE value is more influenced by factor of feller skills than the management competence factor of IUPHHKHA.

359-371

Authors: Agus Malik Ibrahim, Irma Herawati Suparto, Tetty Kemala, & Gustan Pari

Cholesterol is a metabolite which contains sterol fat, which is important to support cell functions and generate vitamin D, cortisol and reproduction hormones. Higher cholesterol content known as hypercholesterolemia is a predisposing towards cardiovascular disease. Previous study reported that glucommanan and activated charcoal individually can lower cholesterol levels, however combination both of them for lowering the cholesterol level has not been studied intensively. This paper examines the ability of glucommannan derived from Amorphophallus flour and activated charcoal in reducing cholesterol level of Sprague Dawley rat. Firstly, glucommanan was isolated from Amorphophallus flour and activated charcoal was produced from teak sawdust and coconut fiber. Both component were formulated and characterized using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), x-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope. Thirty five adult male Sprague Dawley rat with body weight of 160 to 200 g were divided into seven treatment groups: high-fat diet (DTL) and glucommanan, DTL and teak's activated charcoal (TC), DTL and cocout fiber's activated charcoal (CC), DTL and glucommanan and CC (1:1), DTL and glucommanan and CC (2:1), DTL and glucommanan and CC (1:2) and DTL without treatment as control. Initial rat cholesterol level was measured and it was compared with those after five weeks. Results show that the greatest cholesterol reduction (37.4%) is recorded from rat with DTL and glucommanan and CC (1:1) and low density lipoprotein reduction by about 49.7% and triglyceride reduction by 18.3%.

167-177

Authors: I.M. Sulastiningsih, Adi Santoso, & Krisdianto

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of various layer compositions on the properties of 3-layer vertically glued laminated bamboo beam (LBB). Bamboo strips for LBB fabrication were prepared from mature culms (± 4 years old) of andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (Steud.) Widjaja) collected from private gardens in West Java. The strips were pre-treated by soaking them in 7% boron solution for four hours. Three-layer LBBs were manufactured with six different layer compositions, including bamboo combination with wood planks of manii (Maesopsis eminii Engl.) or sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W. Grimes) as the core layer. The LBB was manufactured using Water Based Polymer-Isocyanate (WBPI) adhesive. The glue spread and cold pressing time 2 applied were 250 g/m and one hour, respectively. Results showed that the average density, moisture content, thickness 3 swelling, and width expansion of LBB were 0.65 g/cm; 11.1%; 2.09%; and 1.99%, respectively. No delamination occurred in all samples using WBPI adhesive, which indicates high bonding quality. The average bonding strength and 2 percentage bamboo failure (dry test) of LBB were 61.6 kg/cm and 90%, respectively. The physical and mechanical properties of LBB were significantly affected by the layer composition. The presence of wood laminates as the core layer of LBB and the cross wide orientation of the core layer decreased mechanical properties of LBB. On the contrary, the presence of cross-layer in LBB structure increased dimensional stability of the produced LBB.Three-layer thick laminated bamboo beam made of vertically glued andong bamboo strips with various constituted layer composition and all constitued layers laminated together in parallel grain direction had strength values comparable to those of class II of solid wood strength, eventhough the core layer was made of sengon or manii planks.

189-197

Authors: Lisna Efiyanti & Darma Santi

Bioenergy is new and renewable alternative energy which is currently developed enthusiastically. Bioenergy could be produced by catalytic cracking method, which is cracking carbon chain to raise energy fraction. This paper observes potential non-food bioenergy of cashew nut shell liquid as an alternative bioenergy source using catalytic cracking method. The effect of impregnated-metals Nikel and Molibdenum catalyst used in hydrocracking of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) into bioenergy was investigated. It focused specifically on two type of natural activated zeolite catalysts: NiO and NiOMoO at o temperature reaction of 450C and ratio feed catalyst of 2 and 4. Catalysts characterization was conducted according to a gravimetric method to determine acidity of catalyst; Spectroscopy FT-IR analysis to get distribution of active site catalyst; X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis to observe crystalinity of catalyst; and Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) to measure surface area, porosity and total of pore volume. Bioenergy of CNSL in the liquid-phase, which were predominantly by gasoline, diesel oil, and heavy oil, was further analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compound energy fraction qualitatively and quantitatively. The result showed that the NiOMoO (natural activated zeolite) provided an optimal performance with liquid product conversion was about 65-75%, and selectivity gasoline as well as diesel fraction was about 37-47% and 22-31%, respectively.

207-216

Authors: Ganis Lukmandaru

Beside for its high natural durability and resistancy of weather properties, teak (Tectona grandis) wood is also valued for its beautiful grain and colour. Theoretically, wood colour is highly affected by extractive content, particularly in the heartwood. Identification of correlation between wood colour and extractive content was determined through wood colour and extractive measurements on the outer part of heartwood zone. The wood samples were collected from two locations of Perum Perhutani forest plantations, i.e. KPH Randublatung (35 trees, age class III-IV) and KPH Purwakarta (32 trees, age class VI). Samples were cut from bottom part of the trees and then ground into powder measuring of 40-60 mesh. The wood colour properties(CIE-L*a*b, CIE-L*C*h, CIE-X*Y*Z, Munsell Colour Chart and ISO Brightness) were then measured. Solubility of the teak wood extractives were determined by extracting the powder in ethanol-benzene and hot water respectively. Results showed that the range of colour properties were L*= 40-62; a* = 30 11; b* = 19-31; C* = 20-31; h= 70-82; X= 10-25; Y= 8-23; Z=4-13; H=5-8; V =3-8; C =3-6; and W (ISO Brightness) = 4-12. Different sample location resulted in different trends of correlation between colour properties and extractive contents. No significant correlation was found between extractive solubles in hot water and colour parameters. In general, the best correlations were encountered between brightness parameters from CIE-L*a*b* or ISO with ethanolbenzene extractive contents (r=- 0.54 or 0.50, respectively).

231-239

Authors: Yeni Aprianis, Denny Irawati & Sri Nugroho Marsoem 1 2 2

Terentang wood (Campnosperma auriculata Hook.f) is relatively low in specific gravity (0.3), hence its utilization as pulp by chemi-mechanical is an alternative process. Energy consumption was reduced by applying lignin degrading fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) as pretreatment in the chemi-mechanical process. This paper examines the effects of P. chrysosporium incubation periods into chemical components and energy refining consumption of terentang wood. Four percent of NaOH was used in the chemi-mechanical process, and incubation periods studied were 0 (control), 3, 4 and 5 weeks. Results showed that P. chrysosporium significantly affected the weight loss, chemical properties, and refining energy consumption of terentang wood pulping process. Wood chip weight loss was about 15.9521.31% and alpha-cellulose raised up to 6.77%. Five weeks incubation time decreased lignin content up to 22.97% and saved the refining energy up to 22.7%.

101-110

Authors: Gunawan Pasaribu, Gusmailina & R. Esa Pangersa G.

The objective of this study was to determine the quality of aromatherapy candles and soaps that produced by the addition of Dryobalanops aromatica oil. Aromatherapy candles are made in several formulation variations, and then tested on 30 respondents to know the preference for candles. Parameters measured are prefereed for before candle burned, after burned and the perceived effects of aromatherapy. The soap is madein different formulations by adding Dryobalanops aromatica oil at 2, 4 and 6%, then tested the physico chemical properties. Results show that there are significant differences of respondent preference between formulations before the candle is burned and formula with the lowest concentration of dryobalanop oil was most preferred. It does not indicate any preference difference between formulations after the candle is burned. However, the trend indicated that candle with medium oil concentration is more accepted. There were no significant differences in aromatherapical effects on various formulas. Aromatherapy candles formulation with the lowest concentration of dryobalanops oil is the most acceptable formulation that gives a positive effect on many respondents. Furthermore, the physico-chemical properties of the soap showed that water content and amount of fatty acids are below the standard limit, but the value of free fatty acid and saponified lipid levels could meet the ISO standards. Value of qualitative minerals content is negative. It was found that borneol compound as the Dryobalanops aromatica identifier in the form of endo borneol. The other encountered chemical compounds are caryophylene, alpha pinene, alpha humulene, alpha terpineol and dl-Limonene.

127-135

Authors: Ina Winarni,Sri Komarayati & T.Beuna Bardant

Biomass is an alternative potential raw materials for biofuels or bioethanol production. This paper studies bioethanol production of the oil palm trunk waste. The trunk was divided into three parts; parenchym (P),vascular bundle (VB) and the mixture of parenchyma and vascular bundle (PVB. Results show that sugar content reduction of all treatments (using surfactant) before fermentation is higher than that without surfactant(control)at 10 and 15 FPU/g substrate of cellulase concentration.The highest ethanol content (1.63%) was recorded from parenchyma with 15 FPU/g substrate of cellulase concentration.

147-155

Authors: Sihati Suprapti, Djarwanto & Andianto

The resistance of six wood species against eight strains of destroying fungi was studied. Six wood species of ketapang(Terminalia complanata K.Sch.),pala hutan(Gymnacranthera paniculata Warb.),bipa(Pterygota horsfieldii(R.Br.)Kosterm.),kelumpang (Sterculia shillinglawii), manggis (Pentaphalangium parviflorum)and lancat (Mastixiodendron pachyclados Melch.), were observed using Kolle-flask methods. Wood samples of inner and outer parts of the log were prepared from each species. Results show that M. pachyclados is classified as resistant (class II),P. horsfieldii is moderately resistant (class III), while the other four species are not-resistant (class IV) against destroying fungi.The average weight loss of the inner part is lower than that of the outer part logs, then both groups are classified as not-resistant wood (class IV). The lowest decay resistance is obtained from outer part of G. paniculata exposed to Pycnoporus sanguineus, while the highest decay resistance is taken from outer part of M.pachyclados exposed to Tyromyces palustris. The fungal ability to decay wood from the highest to the lowest are P. sanguineus, Polyporus arcularius, Polyporus sp.,T. palustris, Schizophyllum commune, Lentinus lepideus, Phlebia brevispora, Chaetomium globosum, respectively

33-43

Authors: Jasni Gustan Pari & Titi Kalima

Rattan is spiny climbing palms,which is mostly utilized for furniture. This paper determines the chemical composition of 12 rattan species from Papua and its resistance against powderpost beetle (Dinoderus minutus Fabr.) and subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren). Chemical composition tested includes cellulose, lignin and starch contents. Cellulose content was determined by Norman and Jenkins method, while lignin content was determined based on the Indonesian National Standards (SNI 14-0492-1989 and SII-70-1979). Rattan resistance against powder post beetles and subterranean termites according to Indonesian Standard SNI 01-7207-2006. Results show that the highest cellulose content was found in somi-1 rattan (Calamus pachypus WJ Baker & al) of 52.82%, while the lowest cellulose content was found in longipina rattan (Calamus zebrianus Becc)which constitutes 42.29% cellulose content. The highest lignin content was recorded in endow rattan (Calamus zebrianus Becc) which was 33.37%, and the lowest was recorded in itoko rattan (Calamus vitiensis Warburg) which was about 21.00%. Two rattans studied were classified into class I against powder post beetle, and three of them were classified as class II. Four rattan species falls into class III and one species classified as class IV, and the other two species were classified as class V against powder post beetle. Based on the test against subterranean termites, three rattan species were classified as class I,five species as class II, two species as class III, one species as class IV, and one species as class V. Rattan species which was classified into III, IV, and V classes need to be preserved to enhance its service life.

51-59

Authors: Mohammad Muslich & Sri Rulliaty

Natural durability of forty five wood species collected from several forest regions in Indonesia was tested against dry- wood termites (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) and subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgreen). Natural durability tests against dry-wood termites and subterranean termites were conducted based on Indonesian standard SNI 7207:2014. Results show that six wood species are classified as very durable wood (class I), eleven wood species are durable (class II), and 28 species belong to the low durability classes (class III, IV and V) against dry wood termites(C.cynocephalus Light.). Similar tests against substeranean termites(C. curvignathus Holmgreen) reveal that seven wood species are classified into highly resistant (durable class I), 14 wood species are resistant (durable class II), and the remaining 24 wood species belong to durability class of III, IV, and V. The testing results indicate that wood with high natural durability against dry wood termites is not necessarily resistant to subterranean termites and vice versa.