Business and Economics Research Journal

199-220

Authors: Mine Yilmazer, Batuhan Karabiber

In recent years, liberalization of trade and rapid industrialization activities have increased Turkey’s share in carbon dioxide CO2 emissions and global warming, like other emerging market economies. In this context, the research carried out and the measures to be taken are very important for future generations. The aim of this study is to test the effects of exports, foreign direct investments (FDI), and gross domestic product (GDP) on environmental pollution in Turkey. Additionally, the change in the competitiveness of the export of dirty sectors in Turkey in recent years has been examined in the study. In this context, two separate analyzes were carried out. Firstly, the competitiveness in the export of dirty sectors between 1995-2019 was calculated using Balassa (1965)’s Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index. It has been determined that Turkey has a comparative advantage in iron-steel, non-metallic minerals, and paper sectors. In the second stage, the ARDL bound test for the existence of a long-term relationship between exports, FDI, GDP, and CO2 emissions between 1974-2019 in Turkey, and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test was applied to determine the direction of the relationship between the variables. According to the findings, exports have a statistically significant effect on CO2 emissions. On the other hand, no strong link and causality relationship was found between FDI and CO2 emissions.

239-256

Authors: Oguzhan Ozcelik

In this study, the effects of trade and economy policy uncertainties (TPU and EPU) and degree of volatility in the stock markets (VIX) on mode of payment preferred in foreign trade activities between Turkey and the US were analyzed through the Hacker and Hatemi-J (2012) bootstrap causality test for the 2002:01-2021:M05 periods, and the Yilanci and Kilci (2021) time-varying bootstrap causality test for the sub-periods. According to the Hacker and Hatemi-J (2012) test, there are causality relations from TPU to Turkey’s cash exports to the US, from VIX to Turkey’s deferred exports to the US, from EPU to Turkey’s deferred imports from the US as well as to the payment against goods import. The results of the Yilanci and Kilci (2021) test show that the Turkish and US companies try to secure themselves, preferring cash exports during periods of increased uncertainties in the US’ trade and economy policies. This impact has stood out more specifically during Trump’s presidency (2016-2020) and Covid-19 pandemic. While EPU has been more determinative in deferred exports from Turkey to the US, TPU, EPU and VIX have been more effective in Turkey’s imports from the US. EPU and VIX are the determinants in payment against goods trade activities between Turkey and the US. Therefore, for Turkish companies trading with the US, it would be fine to follow closely the TPU, EPU and VIX indicators in the US.

271-297

Authors: Tulin Altun, Aykut Aydin

In Turkey, significant changes have been made in the legislation of Individual Pension System (IPS) in 2012 (matching contribution system has been introduced) and 2016 (Automatic Enrollment System has been established). Thus, behavioral instruments which can be defined as libertarian paternalistic, such as default rules and framing, have begun to be used more effectively in IPS. When the progress in IPS between the years 2003-2021 is examined, it has been determined that behavioral instruments have a positive effect on the savings in the system, but these effects are small. It was concluded that the participants decided to continue or exit IPS with rational reasons. Participants who can benefit from full state subsidy in shorter time, have higher continuation rate and contribution amounts in the system. Participants exit the system when exits are optimal (such as after 36th months when they are entitled to benefit from the minimum state subsidy, and after the 5th year when entrance fees are no longer charged). With rational reasons like the real return of IPS being lower compared to alternative investment instruments and its fund management fees being high, the households in Turkey either do not prefer saving on IPS or see the IPS as a short-term saving instrument.

319-328

Authors: Furkan Marasli, Ali Ekber Akgun, Busra Muceldili

In recent years, the relationship between moral emotions and positive work outcomes in organizational studies has attracted great attention by researchers. Moral emotions family serves to support the moral standards institutionalized by the society. In organizational context, it helps individuals to evaluate not only their own behaviour but also the behaviour of others they interact with. Moral elevation, which is an emotion belonging to the family of moral emotions; refers to the emotion that individuals experience when they witness a moral beauty. Current literature provides numerous studies conducted to explore and test the conceptualization of moral elevation, its antecedents and consequences and the linkage mechanisms with other concepts. This conceptual study will outline the moral elevation literature by drawing its theoretical background and identify the findings and variables linked to the concept. Introducing moral elevation concept to the local literature will be expected to guide scholars for further research. Suggestions for theoretical research and practical implications are presented for both scholars and practitioners.