Science almanac of Black sea region countries

6

Authors: Agapov E., Pendyurina L.

The article considers the influence of ancient Greek charity on the social assistance of the Black Sea region peoples. Social work became a profession only at the beginning of the last century, but its roots go back to antiquity, when forms of social assistance began to develop among various peoples. It was then that a social assistance mechanism developed, which boiled down to the fact that the family, community and other traditional structures protected everyone. This mechanism of social assistance was characteristic of Tauris, Scythians, Sarmatians and other Black Sea peoples. The same relations were characteristic for Ancient Greece as well as for other states of the Middle East region until the era of antiquity, the beginning of which dates back to the second third of the 1st millennium BC. These relations was marked by the dominance of community ties and the inherited Basileus power as well as the underdevelopment of private property. However, in the 8th century BC in Ancient Greece, structural transformations began, private property relations, the dominance of private commodity production, the exploitation of slaves, the absence of strong centralized power and the policy of self-government came to the fore. With the transformation of the state into an instrument of domination of private owners, social assistance was of a class nature, which manifested itself in the fact that slaves were actually deprived of it. On the other hand, charity, which manifested itself in the organization of public meals, the distribution of money to the needy, the construction of churches and baths through private donations, and other events, became an integral element of the antiquity`s public life. According to the authors, we can talk about two channels of influence of ancient Greek charity on the social assistance of the Black Sea peoples. The first of these channels called direct is associated with the creation of Greek colonies along the Black Sea coast. The second channel can be called indirect, since it was mediated by the culture of Ancient Rome. At the beginning of the 1st millennium in ancient Roman society, a contradiction arose between the need for social assistance and the limited possibilities for its implementation, which was removed by Christianity. According to Christianity, mercy follows from love, which coincides with the essence of God and charity is a practical expression of mercy. Therefore, the spread of Christianity that began in the Black Sea countries in the 4th century contributed to the development of charitable activities in them.

8

Authors: Magomedova M.

Over the past twenty years, state and municipal authorities, civil society institutions in the North Caucasus have gained great positive experience in countering religious extremism and terrorism. The Muslim clergy had a great influence on the socio-political processes in the republics of the North Caucasus. The leadership of the Spiritual Directorates of Muslims of Russia, the traditional Muslim clergy, and ordinary believers have been fighting against the spread of a radical religious ideology that distorts the basis of Islam for more than two decades. Back in the early 90-s, the Islamic newspapers "Assalam", "Nur-ul-Islam", "Islamic Herald" and the Spiritual Board of Muslims began to explain to the population the whole danger of the ideology of Wahhabism (the extreme form of Salafism, which is commonly called in the republics of the North Caucasus). “Wahhabis” in scientific and journalistic literature are considered to be followers of the religious-political current in Sunni Islam, which arose in the middle of the 18th century based on the teachings of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Many modern followers of Wahhabism prefer to call themselves Salafiyun, i.e. “walking the path of righteous ancestors” (al-salaf al-salih) – the first generations of Muslims. The article sets the task of analyzing the effectiveness of ideological counteraction to religious extremism and terrorism in the North Caucasus, determining the role of representatives of the Muslim clergy in countering radical religious ideology. The main theological contradictions between the trends in Islam are analyzed. It is shown that representatives of the Muslim clergy play a significant role in the ideological opposition to religious extremism in the North Caucasus.

9

Authors: Makhrinova M., Makeenko I., Kashirina O.

Ethnic upbringing is a purposeful interaction of generations, as a result of which ethnic self-consciousness is formed that is adequate to treat oneself as a subject of an ethnic group, a sense of pride in their ethnic group, a positive attitude to the language, history, culture of their ethnic group, as well as a sense of respect and tolerance for representatives of others ethnic groups. The essence of ethnic education is the preservation, formation and development of the ethnic identity of the individual, his culture, self-identity, language based on the continuity of generations, taking into account the changing conditions. As a content and means of ethnic education, the development of ethnosocial roles is considered, the formation of which is the mastery of this role in accordance with age. To preserve their identity, integrity, independence, individual freedom, you first need to understand your ethnic upbringing. This is the first step and at the same time the main thread of life, it is not discrete, it is continuous, it starts from the moment of conception of a child and continues throughout life. However, at the same time, ethnic education is a deeply specific upbringing, it must penetrate the whole spirit of the family, the general educational institution, especially the initial link, and then, really, on the basis of the native, the education of a multicultural personality should be carried out. The ultimate goal of ethnic education is the upbringing of an ethnocultural personality, identifying himself with his own ethnos, which perceives the world through the prism of its national-specific features.

9

Authors: Zholobova I.

The article provides historiographic information that allows us to consider various approaches to the problem of the emergence of Crimean Karaites, to reveal the main ethnoculturological and religious features of this now small people due to a combination of factors such as the specificity of the territory of their stay, neighborhood with various peoples, many of which are very close to each other in terms of the features of religion, language and individual traditions. The main content of the article is devoted to the study of religion (Karaism), religious worship, confession of faith, traditions of Crimean Karaites as an integral part of their ethnoculture. In addition, the conducted historical and cultural analysis allows us to refer to the question of the multinational nature of Crimea, currently the Republic of Crimea, a territorial subject of the Russian Federation, where many indigenous and non-indigenous peoples lived and live, distinguished by their ethnicity, culture and religion. Their coexistence could not but leave its mark in the process of forming the ethnoculture of Crimean Karaites, their identity. It is noted that modern conditions are associated with the strengthening of the processes of "ethnic revival" and, at the same time, with the activation of assimilation processes that erode ethnoculturological boundaries.

9

Authors: Shishova N., Bondarev V., Tikidzhian R.

The issue of cultural interaction is highlighted, the relevance of which has increased significantly in the context of the world`s growing confrontation between globalization and counter-globalization. The urgency of this problem is evident in Russia as in the multinational State. One of the regions where such interaction took place most actively is the Azov-Black Sea region. The article examines the dynamics of cultural interinfluence processes in the region. The retrospective analysis has been carried out, which makes it possible to conclude that historically the Azov-Black Sea region has been a crossing of civilizations, where the migratory flows of Western and Eastern civilizations have been directed and where representatives of these civilizations have come into contact with each other. Periodization of intercultural contacts in the region, including a number of qualitatively different stages is supposed. It has been proved that within the boundaries of various stages the cultural influence of various peoples and civilizations has prevailed: the Greeks and the Romans, the Turkic-speaking nomads, the Turks, the Cossack communities, the Russian Empire. While in the era of antiquity the leading role in intercultural interaction was played by the Greeks and then by the Romans, who had a stimulating and guiding effect on the Iranian-speaking nomads of the Scythians and the Sarmatians, in the Middle Ages the situation changed seriously, which was connected with the collapse of the Graeco-Roman colonies due to the arrival of a new wave of nomads, this time Turkic-speaking, in the region. It is noted that the brightest example of active inter-ethnic and intercultural contacts in the Azov-Black Sea region and, at the same time, the extreme importance of these contacts in giving vitality to certain communities and state entities, is the Cossacks, which arose as a result of interaction of a number of different ethnocultural communities. The valid conclusions are the following, first, the leading trends in the Azov-Black Sea region were active inter-ethnic (intercultural) contacts, which resulted not only in the mutual enrichment of cultures and lifestyles of their participants, but also in the formation of new communities, such as the Cossacks; second, these contacts have acted and continue to act as a means of cementing and stimulating the development of multi-ethnic State entities, including Russia.

83-91

Authors: Khuako F.

We consider the image of a woman and its reflection in literature using examples of the work of Adyghe authors of the first half of the 20th century (H. Teuchezha, J. Tlyusten, A. Evtykh). The author turns to regional North Caucasian scientific works affecting gender issues, argues the idea of the peculiarity of this line among the Adyghe with their ethnic consciousness. It is concluded that there is little coverage of the image of a woman in literary criticism, especially in an ethnic (Adyghe) context. The traditionality of the Adyghe ethnic group is analyzed in detail; the problem of discrimination in relation to the Adyghe woman in the family; the charactero-logical series of the female image both in society and in the family, and in works: hard work, needlework, etc., as well as the ability to survive in a difficult situation. Based on a number of traits of a female character both in the ethnic group and in the works there is the assertion that it is permissible to consider the Adyghe woman’s right to positively influence conflict situations in society as evidence of the absence of any discrimination that could directly and fruitfully influence the development of centuries of ethnic consciousness.