Science almanac of Black sea region countries

5

Authors: Kolosova Olga, Goncharov Vadim,

It has been analyzed the system of social and ecological monitoring, which allows ex-panding indicator set of characteristics of the state and dynamics of society to the limits covering not only social processes, but all aspects of relationship between society and nature. The system of social and ecological monitoring allows obtaining the sociological information promoting sustainable development of society. It allows to consider in detail socially – ecological processes and the phenomena, quickly to find changes and general tendencies of transformation of such processes and phenomena, to analyze simultaneously all social subjects according to their role in the development of social and ecological processes, to provide use of new methods of environmental and social assessments. Indicator set of characteristics of state and change of society in the course of social and ecological monitoring extends to the limits covering not only social processes, but also all aspects of communications between society and nature. Object of studying of social and ecological monitoring is a society and its life environ-ment. The society loses signs of totality and alignment. It is shown as changeable set of local fragments which are poorly conformed to each other and therefore they comprise variety of scenarios of further development. As perceptible improvement of ecological situation is inseparable from rationalization of economy and growth of social involvement of citizens at the specific level of local community, this level is considered to be optimum for research. At this level features and possibilities of solution of local problems can be considered; its cultural, ethnic and religious features are taken into account, lasting experience of aboriginal population and its tradition is considered, equitable distribution of environmental risk in community is provided. Receiving reliable information about changes in public consciousness, in public orientations, their influence on ecological consciousness of people on extent of their concern in the ecological situation, on ecological activity and factors inducing to this activity is possible only when performing large-scale social and ecological monitoring. Early warning of growth of social tension in regions and in the country in general, formations of the new ecological consciousness corresponding to the modern period of development of world civilization requires studying of public opinion by state bodies, public organizations, parties and political movements, scientists and experts, members of media and education systems. Ecological awareness is a basis of ecological thinking formation. It will allow changing focus of consumer society from thoughtless ruin and exploitation of nature to careful attitude to its resources, understanding of their authentic value. Studying of public opinion on environmental problems by means of mass survey is necessary, but it is insufficient condition of forecasting of people social behavior. When considering public opinion as one of regulators of social behavior in the conditions of social and ecological intensity it is necessary to consider also the possibility of its change under influence, first of all media, rumors, activities of system of ecological education. Value of social and ecological monitoring is that it, except for fixing of changes of public opinion of the population, allows determining efficiency of specific actions for impact on public opinion of such factors as orientation and intensity of mass-media appeals to ecological subject.

5

Authors: Petrova Yulia, Yarovoy Maxim

Ecology of culture is the youngest of the cultural sciences, which meaning until re-cently was regarded as intuitively clear and not requiring special analysis. In the situation of understanding of the harmful effects of industrial civilization, ecological culture that manifests itself as a result of human understanding of unity of man and nature, as "a body of knowledge, skills, moral norms and values transmitted from generation to generation in education and training may be considered especially significant. Ecology of culture of the North Caucasus is a profound spiritual formation, based on the solid socio-historical foundation. cultural-environmental, cultural-creative activities of the North Caucasus creates human ability for transformation not only of nature, society and himself in correlation with basic anthropological values, which form the basis of cultural consciousness. Ecological culture requires constant study of the dynamics and transformation of this phenomenon due to new processes in the modern world, even more raising the significance and value of this phenomenon. In this connection there was a need for a multi-ethnic concept of modern development of ecological culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus to save for descendants the main factors of life support. At the present time the nations of the North Caucasus return to the historical past and want to experience a continuity of the ethnic past. This urge has arisen as a result of violations at some stage of the historical development of the peoples of the North Caucasus of balance between continuity and discontinuity which resulted the need for a modern collective identity. Among the main problems of the North Caucasus region, this can be described as eco-cultural issues there are several significant problems which solutions in the short term are very important for the development among the people of the North Caucasus. One of the main threats to cultural heritage - thriving in the North Caucasus "black archeology", which means illegal excavations at archaeological sites in order to extract artifacts for economic gain. Equally important, but considered a traditional problem for the North Caucasus region is the destruction of monuments of archeology and history in new construction. Along with these cultural problems of ecology, it is also essential to mention that the Caucasian peoples are no exception and problems that are specific for the whole of Russia also relevant and important for them.

5

Authors: Mustafaeva Maida, Mustafaev Farid, Mustafaev Mustafa

It has been carried out a comparative socially-philosophical analysis of value orientations of the modern Dagestan youth, its relation to national and international problems in the region. Sociological material quiz and analysis of Dagestan students opinion is indicated there: DSU, DSPU, DSMA, DSTU and DSAA. Distribution of answers according to universities gives differentiating picture of students value orientations. Thus, for instance, during sociocultural and ethnonational values research of various socially-ethnical cultures modern studentship, the answers to the question “What do you follow in your behavior?” shown that traditions and customs of elders, ancestors act as the basic behavior regulator for 52,1 % of Dagestan students. Also the opinions of “relatives and friends”, surrounding people significantly influence on Dagestan students. Many students act in a certain manner by force of “habit” (17%), and “calculation” (12%) stands behind their actions. A lot of people follow “exiting national traditions” in their behavior (64, 6%). Behavior formation on “calculation” is accepted to consider as pragmatic tendencies manifestation in a person moral orientations, which in their turn, act as the result of socially-political instability of modern society, changes in the sphere of labor and personal relations, reflect disbelief to the authority and surrounding people. Birthplace and nationality of a person, settled factor can also significantly influence on his value system formation. According to the results of the research, natives of the Dagestan village are in their behavior more inclined to follow “surrounding people opinion” (35%), “existing national traditions” (35%). Urban students – “opinion of relatives and friends” (27%), “habit” (13%), “law” (10%), “intelligence” (60%). Determination of a person moral quality in the ethnonational environment is considered to be the important moment under the value orientations analysis of the Dagestan student youth. It turned out that the students of the Dagestan universities more over appreciate in people such qualities as honesty (68,7%), kindness (40,6%), industry (28,7%), modesty (28,1%) and self-esteem (25,7%). But patriotism and internationalism are more highly ap-preciated by the Dagestan students (60,9%), than other personal qualities. The idea about Dagestan students estimation peculiarities of some or other features, person qualities, be-ginning from patriotism, gives us their further analysis depending on gender, speciality, university, nationality, place of birth and a year of study. If speak about patriotism and in-ternationalism separately in the respondents estimations according to the indicated para-meters, then men (youth) (63%) highly estimate the given quality, than women (girls) (38%). The students of technical specialities (45%) estimate patriotic orientations and qualities of a person higher, than humanitarian (25%) and naturalist students (20%). Among DSPU there are about (32%) of such students, while in DSMA there are (22%), but in DSAA the given quality remained without estimation. 28% of Russian students consider patriotism and internationalism to be valuable qualities of a person. Patriotism is rather more valuable for the village natives (45%). Industry, working efficiency, patriotism and internationalism are rather more valuable qualities for men (33%), technical specialties students (35%), DSTU students (43%), equally for the students of Kumyk, Lezgin and Lak nationalities (35%), those who live in urban area (40%). Self-esteem is more estimated by women (girls) (29%), technical specialties students (31%), DSTU students (46%), respondents of Lak nationality (39%) and urban natives (34%).

6

Authors: Zubareva Svetlana

Security problem of the generation “Y” in Russia and in the countries of the Black Sea region have a special actuality in connection with alterations, nowadays taking place in the world geopolitical situation. Considering the character of occurrent events and their consequences, directly influencing on population employable part, it is necessary to con-sider possible threats and risks, which the young generation representatives can be sub-jected. The influence of occurred events in the values formation context of young people generation first was considered by the American sociologists Neil Howe and William Strauss in 1991. Under the “Y” population they understood people, born from 1984 to 2003, characterized by deep involvement into digital technologies. Nowadays the given generation of young people is in the frustration state in conse-quence of discrepancy of wishes to existing possibilities, among which are available edu-cation, privileged accommodation, financial independence, presence of high-paying job. In the period of economic stability the problems can be solved and soften, then in connection with the economic crises in Russia, unstable economic situation, inflation they are considerably complicated. The given mental condition is capable to lead to undesirable consequences, negative for the society in whole. An individual begins to be dangerous not only for himself, but also for the surrounding people, losing the moral orientations under the conditions of traditional norms and values dithering. The youth as a transit and unstable group is mainly defenceless in front of the negative tendencies of modernity. Thus, gradually values of labor, freedom, democracy, international tolerance are neutralized. Under that avalanche criminalization of the youth takes place, numerical strength of the young people with social deviations also arouses, such as alcoholism, drug addiction, participation in extreme movements and cyberterrorism. Taking into consideration that the future is depended on the generation “Y” there ap-pears demand in system, regulating comprehensive development of the youth potential. Formation and system effective functioning of the youth social safety of Russia and the Black Sea region countries is necessary in all spheres of the generation “Y” activity. Or-ganization-administrative maintenance creates conditions, contributing to state of a person self-protection, social group, and community from the threats violation of their vital interests, rights, freedoms. The given process is necessary especially in political and socially-economic life for functioning of social, economic, cultural potential and also contributed to international competitive ability supplying and national security fortification. For the recent years the security problems of the young generation are in the focus of scientific community and of various levels authorities. In Russia this is reflected in realization of various social programs, such as juridical consulting, healthy lifestyle promotion, and organization of the youth international interaction, support of voluntary initiatives, assistance in employment, civic engagement increasing, and assistance delivery for the young people in difficult situations. However, in connection with alterations, taking place in the world space and in the countries of the Eastern Europe and North Asia, particularly it is necessary to consider, that the given process is out the frames of one country and requires collegial decision of countries according to the question of the modern youth security of the Black Sea post-Soviet countries.

7

Authors: Stepanyan Oleg

Last great algological researches on Abkhazia shelf were conducted in 1960-1970s. In connection with USSR disintegration, war conflict, maritime scientific researches in this region were not realized more than 20 years. In July 2010 South scientific centre RAS for the first time conducted the complex ecosystem researches in the contemporary history of Republic of Abkhazia, the modern estimation of phytobentos condition was one of the challenges. Phytobentos sample taking is conducted in the littoral zone of Abkhazian shelf at the depth of 50m in the borders of work territory. At the row of stations with depths from 10 to 50m sea bottom dredgings were conducted with drag, bottom silt probes were selected with bottom-grab Van Veen, a part of the material was collected at breakwaters. Macro water plants in the soil probes, collected with bottom-grab Van Veen were ab-sent. Drag is appeared to be the most efficient, in the result of several dredging in the point with coordinates of 43º08'09" n.l. and 40º24'09" e.l. with deepness of 34 m, water plants, attached to small boulders, with total mass to 0,5 kg were raised. Among macro water plants the representatives of red water plants – Ceramium, Polysiphonia and brown – Cystosira, Dilophys predominated. Green water plants in the deep-water probes were not detected. At the same time predominance of the green and red water plants is detected in the littoral zone in fouling hydrotechnic construction (breakwaters) communities. Earlier A.A. Kalugina-Gutnik showed that water plants species composition is poor, because of loose grounds domination – just 113 of species or 38,7% from the general numerical strength of macro water plants of the Black sea, at that the leading position is taken by red and brown water plants. In the course of researches 33 water plant species were detected, from them green water plants – 11, red – 14, brown – 8. The conclusion of A.A. Kalugina-Gutnik about thickets water plants absence at the great part of Abkhazian shelf is actual nowadays. It is interesting to note that earlier for Abkhazian shelf water plants of Cystosira kind were not mentioned. The finding of Cystosira crinita testifies about widening of its areal resettlement in the south-east part of the sea. The researches were conducted in the summer period and that is why the represent-atives of the winter-spring algal flora (Bangia, Urospora, Pylaiella, Ectocarpus and others). typical for adjoining area of Big Sochi were not detected. In the same time 13 species of brown and red water plants are detected, earlier not mentioned in the south-east part of the Balck sea, but usual in the water area of Big Sochi. Steady tendency of green water plants increase is marked for Russian part of the Black sea waters. For Abkhazian shelf this tendency is not so expressed, and insignificant presence of green and red water plants of polysaprobic group testifies about small limnetic flowing and minor removal of biogenic elements. In the last decade for Russian part of the Black sea waters narrowing of water plants areal to 5-15 м, practically algal ring at the solid understratum deeper 20m absented or significantly fragmented. Detection of water plant communities in the waters of Abkhazia at the depth of 40 м, testifies about absence of negative phenomena that probably connected with more favourable ecological atmosphere. Regionalization of the Black sea littoral part and revelation of 14 flora regions were conducted by A.A. Kalugina-Gutnik. Such extraction preserves actuality and corresponds to the modern phyto-geographical regionalization. The new phyto-geographical region is separated in the work of V.N. Nikitina and O.A. Lisovskaya for the south-east part of the Black sea – “continental slope of the north-west part of Colchis coast”, apparently such separation is rightful and the borders of phyto-geographical region are necessary to be enlarged, including Abkhazia shelf in it.

8

Authors: Chaika Alexander

Security – is an important condition of any system existence. State security can be defined as security condition of political system, state agencies, state territorial integrity, as well as sovereignty from internal and external threats. The basic elements of informative side state security are considered: subjects and objects of state security; state security threats; system, forces and supporting means of state security. State is the basic subject of state security. Objects of state security are no more than, as basic characteristics of state. Nowadays in theoretic-juridical science accepted the unite conception, in accordance with which the state is the society political organization based on public law, possessing such characteristics, as territory, supremacy inside the country and independence in foreign affairs (sovereignty), and also management apparatus separated from the rest society. The basic objects (they are also the basic directions) of state security are considered in the article: a) state (constitutional) system; b) state agencies; c) state sovereignty; d) state territorial integrity. State security threats are related to the most important elements of state security informative side. Security threat is determined as direct or circumstantial possibility of endamagement to constitutional laws, freedoms, worthy quality and living standard of citizens, sovereignty and territorial integrity, sustainability of Russian Federation, defense and security of state in the strategy of Russia national security till 2020. Several accepted classifications of national security threats are represented: according to state affiliation of danger source, forming the threat; according to the formation degree; depending on the character of threats, determined by their source and specificity; according to the spheres of human activity; according to the degree of subjective perception; in relation to human activity; according to the objects of national security. The conception of state security supporting system is considered, the basic values are identified. Considering the existing legislation in Russian Federation the organs of legislative, executive and judicial authorities, state, social and other organizations and associations, citizens, participating in security supplying in obedience to the law, and also legislation, regulating relations in the sphere of security, force and security safeguards form the state security supporting system. As any security supplying system the system of state security has subject, realizing certain functions, and object which security should be supplied. The basic functions of state security supporting system, forces and means of it realization are represented. Realization of state security is realized on the basis of organs power differentiation of legislative, executive and judicial authorities in the given sphere. One considered the basic directions of state security supplying in Russian Federa-tion, classification of threat types and system of the country security supplying under the modern conditions that gives more structured representation about the research subject.