Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

4

Authors: Memon Z.A., Uqaili M.A., Soomro M.A.

Power quality is the regulation and stability in power in terms of current, voltage and frequency so as to keep these parameters under defined limits of use to satisfy the demand of electrical utility. Harmonic is one of the power quality problems which are because of distortions in sinusoidal supply voltage at the fundamental frequency. Harmonics cause significant effects at all levels of electrical utility i.e. domestic loads, commercial and industrial loads and control devices. These effects can be minimized with harmonic mitigation techniques. In this regard, shunt passive filter provides reliable, economic and cost effective solution when used with three phase converters. Moreover, six pulse converter circuit is used in conjunction with shunt passive filter which eliminates 3rd harmonics and reduces 5th and 7th harmonics as dominant harmonic levels. This work focuses on harmonic mitigation of three phase six pulse converter circuits by using shunt passive filters. In this context, hardware model is designed and its results are analyzed by using PQA (Power Quality Analyzer).

6

Authors: Shah W., Shah S.A.A., Shaikh F.K.

Various analytical methods have been proposed for the transient analysis of a queueing system in the scalar domain. In this paper, a vector domain based transient analysis is proposed for the hysteresis queueing system with internal thresholds for the efficient and numerically stable analysis. In this system arrival rate of customer is controlled through the internal thresholds and the system is analyzed as a quasi-birth and death process through matrix geometric method with the combination of vector form Runge-Kutta numerical procedure which utilizes the special matrices. An arrival and service process of the system follows a Markovian distribution. We analyze the mean number of customers in the system when the system is in transient state against varying time for a Markovian distribution. The results show that the effect of oscillation/hysteresis depends on the difference between the two internal threshold values.

8

Authors: Soomro A.S., Rajput A.Q.K., Karas I.R.

The landslide susceptibility models require the appropriate and reliable terrain analytical based study of the landslides prone areas using SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data, based on certain GIS (Geographical Information Systems) and remote sensing techniques. This research paper focuses on the analysis of the terrain conditions of Balakot region. The analytical operations have been used in the different phases: (i) Extracting the study area from the large data; (ii) preparing it into grid format; (iii) developing contour lines with certain contour intervals (iv) Re-classification of it into required classes and (v) preparation of digital terrain model with its different required various supplementary models for analyzing the terrain conditions of the study area located in Mansehra district, north part of Pakistan where the great earthquake induced landslide disaster occurred in October 2005. This analytical study has notified the different sensitive issues concerning to the critical slope angles, variation in the elevation and the surface of study area. The various distinctions in the terrain phenomenon validate the occurred and probable landslides because the topography of such study area can predict the various probable landslide hazards, vulnerability and risk threats in the region again. This analytical study can be useful for the decisive authorities by becoming pro-active to rebuild the region to mitigate the expected losses from the natural disaster.

8

Authors: Shah S.A.A., Abdul Sattar Larik,Ahsan Irshad

In this paper, ETAP (Electrical Transient Analyzer Program) GUI (Graphical User Interface) simulation tool has been used to perform the short circuit analysis of power transmission lines. The existing 500KV Hubco- Jamshoro Transmission network of National Transmission & Dispatch Company, Pakistan has been selected to simulate the network. We provide a method for the analysis of short circuit current values for four different faults, i.e. 3-phase, line-ground, line-line and line-line-ground. It also covers the improvement of voltage stability of the network after integration with proposed projects of Jhimpir and Gharo wind power plants. The results of 3-phase and single phase line to ground faults are carried out using conventional method and to validate them these are compared with that of simulated ones. This paper also provides a way of improvement in voltage stability of Hubco-Jamshoro transmission network after adding the proposed projects of wind power plants at Jhimpir and Gharo.

10

Authors: Syed N.H., Ali S.

This paper reports the experimental evaluation of the heat transfer coefficient (U) in a VRF (Vertical Tube Rising Film Evaporator). The aim is to describe the variation of U against different process parameters. Experiments were carried out for laminar flow conditions. The experimental unit is a floor standing tubular framework for a rising film evaporation system. There are many parameters affecting heat transfer coefficient in evaporators, but it was not possible to consider all of them, so parameters including, Reynolds Number (NRe), Temperature Difference (DT), Feed Temperature (Tf) and Re-circulation Ratio (R) were investigated while other factors were kept constant. The experimental results obtained showed that heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase in Reynolds number, feed temperature and temperature difference. The increase in re-circulation ratio also increased the heat transfer coefficient but up to the value of 0.85 and after this the heat transfer coefficient started decreasing slowly and then remained almost constant. An experimental correlation has been developed to relate the Nusselt number and the parameters investigated during the research work.

10

Authors: Shah A.N., Ge Y-S., Shaikh M.A.

This paper presents the comparison of unregulated emissions such as carbonyls and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylenes) species emanated from a light duty SI (Spark Ignition) vehicle E-0 (fuelled on gasoline) and E-10 (ethanol-gasoline blend). Meanwhile, the ozone forming potential of these pollutants based on their ozone SR (Specific Reactivity) has also been addressed in this study. The experiments were performed on transient as well as steady-state modes in accordance with the standard protocols recommended for light duty vehicle emissions. Carbonyls and BTEX were analyzed by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with UV detector and GC/MS (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy), respectively. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the predominant components of the carbonyls for E-0 and E-10, respectively. During transient mode, formaldehyde, acrolein + acetone, and tolualdehyde pollutants were decreased but, acetaldehyde emissions increased with E-10 as compared to E-0. The BTEX emissions were also decreased with E-10, relative to E-0. During the steady-state modes, formaldehyde, acrolein + acetone and propionaldehyde were lower, aromatic aldehydes were absent, but acetaldehyde pollutants were higher with E-10 compared to E-0. The BTEX emissions were decreased at medium and higher speed modes however, increased at lower speed mode with E-10 as compared to E-0. Total BTEX emissions were maximal at lower speed mode but, least at medium speed mode for both the fuels. SR of the pollutants was higher over transient cycle of operation, compared with steady-state mode. Relative to E-0, E-10 displayed lower SR during both transient as well as steady-state mode.

10

Authors: Abro M.I., Baloch M.M., Jokhio M.H.

The effect of heat treatment on locally manufactured low alloy steel grade SUP9 most frequently used in making leaf springs for automobiles was studied. While for determination of toughness and hardness Charpy impact testing machine and Rockwell hardness tester were used. The cryogenic test temperatures were achieved by soaking the samples in liquid nitrogen and temperature was measured using digital thermometer capable of reading the temperature from -40-200oC. Hardening, tempering and austempering treatments were conducted using muffle furnace and salt bath furnace. After heat treatment samples were quenched in oil. The results of present work confirmed that toughness and hardness are inversely related with each other and are highly dependent on the type of heat treatment employed. Highest toughness was measured after austempering at 450oC. Effect of test temperature revealed that toughness of the samples increased significantly with decreasing temperature. DBTT (Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature) of the austempered samples was observed at -10oC, whereas, that of tempered samples could not be determined. Based on the test results authors wish to recommend the 600oC tempering temperature in place of 450oC where normally tempering is practiced in Alwin industry Karachi during manufacturing of leaf spring.

12

Authors: Ghani U., Wormleaton P.R., Ghumman A.R.

In this research work, predictions have been made for the transport and deposition of incoming sediments in an open channel. Attempt has been made to understand the behavior of sediments flowing in the channel. The geometry consisted of a meandering compound channel with a constant inflow of sediments. For this purpose, 3D version of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code FLUENT has been used as a research tool. The turbulence closure of Reynolds Averaged Navior-Stokes equation was performed with standard - turbulence model. The Lagrangian particle tracking technique available in the code has been used for modeling sediment movement and deposition. For this purpose, nine different ranges of the particle diameters were released at the inlet of the channel. Initially, the model was validated using point velocities in the downstream direction and discharge values at five cross sections along the meander wavelength. The channel used for simulation purposes had a rectangular section. Once the model validated, it was then used for simulation of sediments. The numerical modeling gave a detailed picture of sediment deposited and transported through the channel. As the model was used with - turbulence model and Lagrangian particle tracking technique and then validated, it showed that when this combination of particle tracking and turbulence closure option will be used, the prediction will be fairly good and trustworthy. A number of numerical experiments were conducted to get the impact of sediment inflow velocity and its diameter on deposition patterns. It showed that boundary shearing stresses and secondary flows had considerable impact on sediment deposition in a river bend. The current study revealed that CFD technique can be used for predicting sediment distribution patterns with reasonable confidence. Such prediction techniques are not only economical but also provide details of complex flow and sediment movement behavior which are difficult to get through experimentation. The results predicted can be utilized in handling the deposition and erosion of the sediments in the meandering channels and design of natural and man-made meandering channels can be improved. It will also be helpful in designing proper flushing arrangements of deposited sediments.

18

Authors: Syed H.F., Ilyas M., Qazi A.

Strengthening of masonry against seismic events is very essential and getting maximum attention of researchers around the globe. An extensive experimental program was carried out to study the in-plane lateral performance of un-reinforced masonry, strengthened and retrofitted masonry wall panels under lateral cyclic loading. Twenty tests were carried out; four tests under monotonic lateral loading, twelve tests under static cyclic loading and four tests under pure compression. The test results were analyzed in five groups and this paper presents the analysis of group 4, which deals with effect of axial pre-compression on masonry seismic performance. Three single leaf panels with aspect ratio of 0.67 having size 1.65x1.1m were constructed using same material and workmanship. All the three un-reinforced walls were tested under 0, 0.5 and 1.0MPa vertical pre-compression and displacement controlled static cyclic loading. The wall tested under 0.5MPa pre-compression was reference specimen. The key parameters studied were hysterics behavior, peak lateral load, ultimate lateral displacement, energy dissipation, ductility, response factor and damping ratio. It was observed that level of axial pre-compression has significant effect on lateral capacity, failure mode and performance of masonry. In case of zero pre-compression the lateral capacity was very less and wall went into rocking failure at early stages of loading. Increase in pre-compression to 1.0MPa enhanced the lateral capacity by a factor of 1.92 times. After analysis of test results, it is found that pre-compression has significant effect on lateral capacity, failure mode and performance of masonry. In case of zero pre-compression the lateral capacity was very less and wall went into rocking failure at early stages of loading. Increase in pre-compression to 1.0MPa enhanced the lateral capacity by a factor of 1.92 times. After analysis of test results, it is found that pre-compression has very significant effect on lateral strength, energy dissipation and overall seismic performance.

6

Authors: Abbasi H., Baloch M.A., Memon A.G.

During recent decades the large scale deterioration of forests and natural resources is an eye opener. The degradation of forests and other natural resources has affected the ecology, environment, health and economy. The ecological problems with living organisms such as animals and plants and environmental problems such as increase in temperature and carbon dioxide, these factors have contributed to change in regional climate, health problems such as skin, eye diseases and sunstroke and economic problems such as loss of income to rural population and resources which depend on forests such as livestock. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out land cover/use research focusing on the monitoring and management of the present and past state of forests cover and other related objects using RS (Remote Sensing) technologies. The RS is a way of mapping and monitoring the changes taking place in forests cover and other objects on a continuing basis. Sukkur and Shikarpur riverine forests are vanishing quickly due to the construction of barrages /dams on upper streams to produce hydroelectricity and irrigation installations which reduce the discharge of fresh water into the downstream Indus basin. Moreover, anthropogenic activities, livestock population, increased grazing, load and illegal tree cutting have contributed to this. The riverine forests are turning into barren land and most of the land is used for agriculture. These uncontrolled changes contribute to climate change and global warming. These changes are difficult to monitor and control without using RS technology. Assessment of deforestation of the Sukkur and Shikarpur to find temporal changes in the forests cover from April, 1979 to April, 2009 is presented in this paper. The integrated classes such as water body, grass/agriculture land, dry/barren land and forest cover maps show the temporal changes taking place in the forests cover for the last 30 years period. RS has been employed in the present study to assess deforestation. The results show significant changes in sub-tropical forests cover, the overall forests cover in April, 1979 was 22.67%, April, 1992 17.38%, April, 1998 12.28%, April, 2000 6.15%, April, 2006 7.51%, and April, 2009 5.97%. The overall change observed in forest area is 25.07%.

6

Authors: Qadir A., Memon Z.A., Shah F.

Granular materials are found every where despite they are poorly understood at microscopic level. The main hindrance is how to connect the microscopic properties with the macroscopic behavior and propose a rigorous unified theory. One method is to test the existing theoretical models in various configurations. In this connection we have performed experiments in different configurations of granules in a silo to determine the validity of the Janssen model under such arrangements. Two and four layered structures of different bead diameters are prepared. The effective mass at the bottom of the container in such cases have been measured. Moreover, the investigation of layered structures reveals that such configurations also follow well the Janssen model. An interesting percolation phenomenon was observed when smaller beads were stacked on larger ones, despite the model remained valid. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Janssen law holds for larger bead diameters.

8

Authors: Hashmani A.A., Mahar M.A., Khanzada T.J.S.

This paper deals with the decentralized hierarchical PSS (Power System Stabilizer) controller design to achieve a better damping of specific inter-area oscillations. The two-level decentralized hierarchical structure consists of two PSS controllers. The first level controller is a local PSS controller for each generator to damp local mode in the area where controller is located. This controller uses only local signals as input signals. The local signal comes from the generator at which the controller is located. The secondary level controller is a multivariable decentralized global PSS controller to damp inter-area modes. This controller uses selected suitable wide area PMU (Phasor Measurement Units) signals as inputs. The PMU or global signals are taken from network locations where the oscillations are well observable. The global controller uses only those global input signals in which the assigned single inter-area mode is most observable and is located at a generator that is most effective in controlling the assigned mode. The global controller works mainly in a frequency band given by the natural frequency of the assigned mode. The effectiveness of the resulting hierarchical controller is demonstrated through simulation studies conducted on a test power system.

8

Authors: Memon R.A., Uqaili M.A., Hashmani A.A.

This paper investigated the impact of velocity variation in wide streets. The building AR (Aspect Ratio) (Street-canyon-width-to-building-height i.e. W/H) has been calculated by varying the width of street canyon. The k-? turbulence model was applied to ideal street canyons of aspect ratio 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 while the wind speed was varied from 0.5 to 4.0 m/s. The street canyon aspect ratio 1.0 was obtained by increasing the width of the street two times (i.e. W=1) as much as for AR0.5 (i.e. W=0.5). However, different results obtained from AR1 were compared with AR0.5 to analyze the impact of wide streets. Results show that the temperatures reduce with an increase in ambient wind speed. However, the impact of ambient wind speed was comparatively higher in narrow street canyons since temperature reduced by over 1.4 K with an increase of 3.5 m/s in ambient wind speed. On the other hand, in the case of AR1.0 the area weighted average temperature reduced by 1.3 K with an increase of 3.5 m/s in ambient wind speed. It is found that removing heat from narrower street canyons is comparatively difficult. Results show that the temperatures within the target street canyon of AR0.5 with ambient wind speed of 0.5 m/s were around 0.71 K higher than that in AR1.

10

Authors: Memon.A, Abro Q.M.M., Mugheri F.

Construction industry plays an important role in the development of any country. The development of construction industry depends on the quality of construction products and projects. Quality is one of the critical factors in the success of construction projects in Pakistan. Improvement in the quality of construction projects is linked with quality management in the project life cycle. Although quality management at every stage of project life cycle is important but the quality management at the design and construction stage contributes significantly on final quality outcome of construction projects. This paper therefore highlights the importance of quality management in the design and construction phase. It presents the findings of two major cities in Pakistan and suggests some proactive measures for the improvement of quality in the design and execution phase of construction projects.

12

Authors: Naveed N., Jaffar M.A., Shaikh F.K.

The breast cancer detection and diagnosis is a critical and complex procedure that demands high degree of accuracy. In computer aided diagnostic systems, the breast cancer detection is a two stage procedure. First, to classify the malignant and benign mammograms, while in second stage, the type of abnormality is detected. In this paper, we have developed a novel architecture to enhance the classification of malignant and benign mammograms using multi-classification of malignant mammograms into six abnormality classes. DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transformation) features are extracted from preprocessed images and passed through different classifiers. To improve accuracy, results generated by various classifiers are ensembled. The genetic algorithm is used to find optimal weights rather than assigning weights to the results of classifiers on the basis of heuristics. The mammograms declared as malignant by ensemble classifiers are divided into six classes. The ensemble classifiers are further used for multiclassification using one-against-all technique for classification. The output of all ensemble classifiers is combined by product, median and mean rule. It has been observed that the accuracy of classification of abnormalities is more than 97% in case of mean rule. The Mammographic Image Analysis Society dataset is used for experimentation.

12

Authors: Ejaz N., Hashmi H.N., Ghumman A.R.

In this research various parameters for surface water quality degradation in Pakistan were investigated. Ravi River was selected as a case study to highlight the main issues, concerned with untreated wastewater. This paper represents that the mixing of effluent in huge quantity without any treatment in Ravi is a serious threat to the environment. Surface water quality parameters like, BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), DO (Dissolved Oxygen), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), suspended solids, phosphorus, chloride, sodium, total kjeldahls nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, oil & grease and total coliforms were tested on fourteen selected sampling stations for a period of three years. During this assessment, the samples were collected from the field and tested in the laboratory using standard methods. The effluent characteristics of Lahore city were also analyzed from the main city outfall sewers and compared with NEQS (National Environmental Quality Standards of Pakistan). Unfortunately selected parameters are at least four times above the allowable standards. This investigation shows that the environmental condition of Ravi is becoming worse day by day and the river is acting almost a wastewater carrier. Increased rate of pollutants in the river may be more dangerous and may create serious threats to groundwater quality and local environment in near future. Water quality and other environmental conditions in this river can only be improved by proper wastewater treatment plant, environmental management and powerful environmental legislation.

8

Authors: Shaikh G.Y., Marri H.B., Sohag R.A

The implementation of AMTs (Advanced Manufacturing Technologies) has always been the high interest and core issue for the manufacturing enterprises to get rapid production for global market place. The developed countries have achieved its competitive advantage by implementing this unique model of technologies with full range of systems. In developing countries, the implementation of such technologies is not much common due to so many reasons, (political, social, economical and technical) but entrepreneurs of growing economies are contemplating to reshape long term strategy to adopt Computer systems oriented technologies in their manufacturing companies to meet the growing needs of their indigenous market on one hand and to make a place in the international market on the other. Although, very few manufacturing organization do meet the global market requirements. But there is still lot of efforts to be taken for world class competition. An attempt has been made in this paper to develop a conceptual model taking in to account the three parameters such as, Direct, Indirect and Administrative AMTs. This research work further attempts to present an empirical data analysis conducted in the manufacturing enterprises in province of Sindh, Pakistan. The overall indigenous progress of manufacturing enterprises as according to the data collected from 60 companies reveals that the AMTs systems are partially understood and practiced that is also one of the cause towards slow progress of national exchequer.

10

Authors: Durrani H.A., Panhwar M.I., Kazi R.A

Re-refining of waste lubricating oil by solvent extraction is one of the potential techniques. The advantages of solvent extraction technique practically offers from environmental and economic points of view have received due attention. In this paper selection of composite solvent and technique to upgrade the used lubricant oil into base oil has been made. The composite solvent 2-propanol, 1-butanol and butanone have two alcohols that make a binary system reasonably effective. This work also attempts to study the performance of the composite solvent in the extraction process for recovering waste lubricating oil. The key parameters considered were vacuum pressure, temperature and the weight ratio of solvent to waste lubricating oil. The performance was investigated on the PSR (Percentage Sludge Removal) and POL (Percent Oil Loss). The best results were obtained using composite solvent 25% 2-propanol, 37% 1-butanol and 38% butanone by a solvent to oil ratio of 6:1 at vacuum pressure 600mmHg and distillation temperature 250oC. The vacuum distilled oil pretreated with the composite solvents was matched to the standard base oil 500N and 150N, found in close agreement and could be used for similar purpose.

10

Authors: Soomro S.A., Aziz S., Tunio A.H.

In this research work, the micron size PMMA (Poly Methylmethacrylate) polymer particles were prepared by dispersion polymeraization. In order to acheive optimum conditions, different concentartiion of initiator, monomer and dispersion medium were used. The polymer particle size and size distribution were then investigated by using light diffraction & laser technique. Variation in concentration of initiator showed that mean particle size decreased as the concentration of initiator AIBN (2,2-Azobis Iso Butyro Nitrile) was increased. The particle size distribution became wider with increase in concentration of initiator. Monomer concentration increase shows increase in the particle size and broaden the size distribution. However, when monomer MMA (Methyl methacrylate) concentration was decreased the particle size also decreased whereas the particle size distribution is less wide as compared to concentration increased.

10

Authors: Abro M.I., Pathan A.G., Mallah A.H

Dilband Mine is one of the main iron ore deposits of Balochistan Pakistan, containing about 200milion tones of ore. The Dilband iron ore is mainly composed of oolitic-hematite along with the quartz, calcite, fluorapatite, kaolin, and chlinochlore gangue minerals. The basic objective of the paper is to report the operating conditions of comminuting step where maximum liberation of oolitic hematite from the matrix enriched with calcite and fluorapatite minerals has been possible. Besides this quantitative and qualitative analysis of particles based on concentrate, middlings, and tailings susceptibility of particles is proposed. Comminution circuit for Dilband iron ore is designed on the basis of work index, grade and percent distribution of oolitic-hematite particles in concentrate, middlings and tailings.

12

Authors: Solangi M.A., Baloch A., Memon R.A

Flow of blood structure is presented in terms of stream line projections at different percentages of deposition against various Reynolds numbers. The impact of atherosclerosis is investigated on the vortex enhancement and intensity. The predicted results are computed in terms of stream function for quantifying the reattachment length and re-circulating flow rate of blood at various Reynolds numbers and different percentages of blockage. The results show that flow of blood is disturbs at the vicinity of blockage, especially in the down stream area that leads to the formation of vortexes. It is observed that the length of vortex increases along with the deposition levels as well as with increasing inertia .To solve the Navier-Stokes equations, together with the incompressibility constraints a semi-implicit time stepping procedure, namely Taylor- Galerkin/Pressure-correction finite element scheme has been employed.

12

Authors: Malik A.H., Memon A.A., Khan M.R

In this paper, a nominal SISO (Single Input Single Output) model of PHWR (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) type nuclear power plant is developed based on normal moderator pump-up rate capturing the moderator level dynamics using system identification technique. As the plant model is not exact, therefore additive and multiplicative uncertainty modeling is required. A robust perturbed plant model is derived based on worst case model capturing slowest moderator pump-up rate dynamics and moderator control valve opening delay. Both nominal and worst case models of PHWR-type nuclear power plant have ARX (An Autoregressive Exogenous) structures and the parameters of both models are estimated using recursive LMS (Least Mean Square) optimization algorithm. Nominal and worst case discrete plant models are transformed into frequency domain for robust controller design purpose. The closed loop system is configured into two port model form and H? robust controller is synthesized. The H?controller is designed based on singular value loop shaping and desired magnitude of control input. The selection of desired disturbance attenuation factor and size of the largest anticipated multiplicative plant perturbation for loop shaping of H? robust controller form a constrained multi-objective optimization problem. The performance and robustness of the proposed controller is tested under transient condition of a nuclear power plant in Pakistan and found satisfactory.

12

Authors: Soomro A.S., Rajput A.Q.K., Solangi S.H.

The innovation of this research is the development of new model called fast moving landslide risk analysis model by modifying one of the previous prominent landslide risk algorithms focusing on the fast moving type of the landslides (such as mudslides, mud flows, block slide, rock fall and topple) based on the qualitative approach using Heuristic method in GIS (Geographical Information Systems). The different event controlling parameters and criteria were used for fast moving landslide predictive risk model. The pair wise comparison method was used in which the parameters of landslide hazard and vulnerability were compared by their assigned weights. The drawback of the used approach was justified by the standard value of consistency ratio, which proved the assigned weight of the parameters as reasonable and consistent. The model was validated by using the occurred landslides inventory data and correlation coefficient test, which showed the positive relationship between the landslide risk predicted regions and the occurred landslides locations. The various landslide events occurred on 8th October, 2005 were accumulated as landslide inventory by the interpretation of satellite imagery. The validation of the model was justified by using one of the statistical two paired, "t" test, and the amount of the predicted risk in the different regions. It is believed that this modified model will prove beneficial to the decision makers in future.

14

Authors: Azhar A.H., Nabi G

The impact of physical and management interventions implemented under the PISRP (Punjab Irrigation Sector Reforms Programm) has been assessed. Enhanced funding for M&R (Maintenance and Repair) works during intervention (2006-2007) period facilitated improved canal water supplies as compared to the pre-intervention (2004- 2005) period. About 15.1% more water supplies were delivered during Kharif 2006 as compared to Kharif 2004 season. An increase of 41.1% in water supplies during Rabi 2006-2007 was observed as compared to Rabi 2004-2005 season. DPR (Delivery Performance Ratio) analysis revealed that during intervention period overall supply position of canal systems in terms of equity by and large was satisfactory. However, the CV (Spatial Coefficient of Variability) analysis indicated that distribution of supply amongst the distributaries of those canal systems was not satisfactory, highlighting the need for further improvement in terms of water supply reliability along the reach of those canal systems. Crop yields improved ranging from 5-62% as compared to preintervention period. The cropped area also increased by about 10% in all canal commands during intervention period. FOs (Farmer Organizations) performance evaluation indicates that these organizations have been reasonably effective for dispute resolution, control over water theft and in ensuring water availability to the tail ends of the channels, and developing sense of ownership for long-term sustainability of irrigation infrastructure. However, FOs need further capacity building to enhance their contribution in this regard. Due to transitioning of T/Ws (Tube Wells), the M&R expenditures for T/Ws were reduced to only 4% during FY 2006-2007 as compared to 37% in FY 2005-2006. T/Ws divesture achieved significant reduction in the electricity bills of IPD (Irrigation & Power Department). Consequently, during November-June months of FY 2007-2008, a savings of Rs. 377.61 million was accrued, compared to the same months of FY 2006-2007. Overall, the investigations revealed that the results of reforms interventions are quite encouraging in terms of uplifting the socio-economic conditions and poverty alleviation in irrigated areas of Punjab province.

6

Authors: Mahar M.A., Uqaili M.A., Larik A.S.

Power Electronic Converters are commonly used in different applications because of high efficiency and low cost. Due to latest advancement in semiconductor devices it is difficult to draw the boundaries for applications of power electronic topologies. These topologies are variable structure systems and generate harmonics during the operation which will affect the power quality when are connected to system network. Rectifier is a big family of converters and used when ac-dc conversion is needed. These converters are widely used in distribution system. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the harmonic levels of these converters and also observe their impacts on system network. Pakistan now days facing serious energy crises specially, in power sector due to increase in load demand. To bridge the gap between load demand and generation of electricity, various steps are taken by power companies and government. The steps include the up gradation of existing power plants, generation of power from rental power plants, installation of renewable power sources, taking different steps of demand side management etc. But efforts of power companies on power quality is still lacking. This research work focuses on power quality of the system network. In this work, harmonics of single phase and three phase full bridge diode rectifiers are analyzed by using the fast fourier transform method of MATLAB. The effects of harmonics on the system network are also discussed.

6

Authors: Abro M.I., Pathan A.G., Mallah A.H.

Importance of comminution in mineral processing sector is highly acknowledged from energy perspective. In present study an attempt was made to understand the comminuting behavior of Dilband iron ore and to compute the grinding energy requirement for production of ultrafine particles up to mesh of liberation. In this regard standard grindability tests developed by the Chair of Mineral Processing Leoben Austria was used for calculating work index of Dilband iron ore. The grinding tests were conducted in rod and ball mills. The work index value of two feed size fractions with 80% passing at 3800?m and 5200?m was noted to be 11.85 kwh/t and 9.3 kwh/ton respectively. Ball mill grinding test indicates that dry grinding in open circuit is not efficient and consumes more energy of 88.48kwh/t of ore for grinding 1000/40?m to 80% <40?m size.

8

Authors: Shah S.A.A., Shah W., Ursani A.A.

Assorted analytical methods have been proposed for evaluating the performance of a slotted ring network. This paper proposes MGM (Matrix Geometric Method) to analyze the station buffer of a slotted ring for DT (Discrete-Time) queueing. The slotted ring is analyzed for infinite station buffer as a late arrival DT system. Utilizing the characteristics of 2-D Markov chain, various performance measures are validated with their corresponding results such as, throughput and MPAD (Mean Packet Access Delay) as well as the packet rejection probability for finite station buffer. The presented results prove efficacy of the method.

8

Authors: Hashmani A.A., Uqaili M.A., Memon R.A.

The objective of this paper is to design an H?-based local decentralized PSS (Power System Stabilizing) controller. The controller is designed for separate damping of specific inter-area modes while considering time-delay. The controller uses remote signals, selected suitably from the whole system, as supplementary inputs. The wide area or global signals have been obtained where the oscillations in the remote network locations could be well observed. The PSS controller uses only those local and remote input signals in which the assigned single inter-area mode is most observable and is located at a generator which is most effective in controlling that mode. A long timedelay due to remote signal transmission and processing in WAMS (Wide Area Measurement System) can cause system instability and degradation of system robustness. Therefore, this paper uses the time-delay compensation method that uses lead or lag adjustment method while integrates the gain scheduling to overcome the impacts of constant time-delay. The effectiveness of the resulting PSS controllers is established through simulations using three machine three area test power system.

8

Authors: Hafeez I., Kamal M.A.

Premature rutting in flexible pavement structure is being observed on most of the road network of Pakistan. It initiates primarily due to uncontrolled axle loading and high ambient temperatures. NHA (National Highway Authority), Pakistan has continuously been modifying aggregate gradations and penetration grade of bitumen, without any prior investigation of the mix behaviour under the prevailing axle load and environmental conditions of the country. A comprehensive laboratory investigation was carried out on six mixes ranging from finer to coarser. Specimens were subjected to cyclic loading on UTM-5P (Universal Testing Machine) to study the resistance against permanent deformation of the mixes at 25, 40 and 550C. At low temperatures and stress levels, both coarse and fine graded mixes showed less accumulated strain, whereas at higher temperatures and stress levels, coarse graded mix with PMB (Polymer Modified Bitumen) showed good resistance to permanent deformation.

10

Authors: Abbasi A.A., Marri H.B., Nebhwani M.

This study includes the research work which was carried out to investigate the range of difficulties faced by the workers and its effects on them while working in textile based cottage industries along with their causes. This research provides necessary tip-offs to solve those problems in a systematic way. Therefore, it was considered to know the number of machines (looms) operated by one worker, number of machines in one unit and number of operators in one unit. The minimum and maximum noise levels were recorded by using digital sound level meter to compute average noise level/ unit. To identify the health problems like respiratory, hearing/listening, irritation, heart/BP, annoyance and headache faced by the workers, the survey was conducted. In present research work the minimum noise recorded was 101.6dB (A) and maximum as 109.8dB (A), which was compared with OSHA and WHO (World Health Organization) standards. Result of this study shows that due to high intensity of noise generated by looms and dusts at work places, workers were facing the mental and physical problems.

12

Authors: Jokhio M.H., Panhwar M.I., Unar M.A.

Manufacturing of aluminum alloy based casting composite materials via stir casting is one of the prominent and economical route for development and processing of metal matrix composites materials. Properties of these materials depend upon many processing parameters and selection of matrix and reinforcements. Literature reveals that most of the researchers are using 2, 6 and 7xxx aluminum matrix reinforced with SiC particles for high strength properties whereas, insufficient information is available on reinforcement of "Al2O3" particles in 7xxx aluminum matrix. The 7xxx series aluminum matrix usually contains Cu-Zn-Mg. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the effect of elemental metal such as Cu-Zn-Mg in aluminum matrix on mechanical properties of stir casting of aluminum composite materials reinforced with alpha "Al2O3" particles using simple foundry melting alloying and casting route. The age hardening treatments were also applied to study the aging response of the aluminum matrix on strength, ductility and hardness. The experimental results indicate that aluminum matrix cast composite can be manufactured via conventional foundry method giving very good responses to the strength and ductility up to 10% "Al2O3" particles reinforced in aluminum matrix.

14

Authors: Hassan I., Ghumman A.R., Hashmi H.N.

Environmental changes and global warming have direct impact on human life. Estimation of these changes in various parameters of hydrologic cycle is necessary for future planning and development of a country. In this paper the impact of environmental changes and global warming on temperatures of Pakistan has been studied. The temperature changes in Pakistan have been extracted from simulations made using EdGCM model developed at Columbia University. Simulation study to the end of 21st century is executed using the model for GHG (Greenhouse Gases) scenario with doubled_CO2 and scenario of Modern_Predicted SST (Sea Surface Temperature). The model analysis has been carried out for seasonal and annual changes for an average of last 5 years period from 2096-2100. Maps are generated to depict global temperature variations. The study divides Pakistan into five (05) main areas for twenty six (26) stations. A part-plan of globe focusing Pakistan is generated showing the five divisions for twenty six (26) data stations of Pakistan. This part plan is made compatible with grid-box resolution of EdGCM. Eagle-Point Engineering software has been used to generate isohyets of interval (0.5oC) for downscaling GCM (Global Climate Model) grid data to data stations. The station values of different seasons and annual changes are then compared with the values of base period data to determine changes in temperature. It is observed that impact of global environmental changes on temperature are higher (i.e. there is an increase in annual temperature for double_CO2 experiment) at places near the Arabian Sea than areas located away from this sea. It is also observed that the temperature increase will be more in winter than that in other seasons for Pakistan.

16

Authors: Shaikh F.K.,Khanzada T.J., Memon N.A.

Delivering reliable services in service oriented architectures entails the underlying basis of having communication network models and well structured systems. With the rapid proliferation of ad-hoc mode of communication the reliable delivery of services increasingly encounter new communication and network perturbations. Empirically the core of service delivery in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) is information transport from the sensor nodes to the sink node where the service resides. In this work we provide a reliable information transport for enhanced service delivery by using spatio-temporal correlation in WSN. The classification for different types of information required by the services is also presented. To overcome dynamic network conditions and evolving service requirements an adaptive retransmission mechanism based on spatial correlation is utilized. Simulation results show that the proposed solutions provide service specific reliability and save expensive retransmissions and thus provide energy efficient solution.