Turkish Journal of Forestry

188 - 196

Authors: Musa Denizhan ULUSAN, Ünal ELER

This study was carried out to determine the variation of bark thickness in a single tree in Natural Crimean Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe). Anatolian Black Pine is a thick-barked species. For this reason, it is important to reveal the values given for the volume, volume increase, and allowable cut of the species in a more reliable way. On the other hand, when it comes to technological developments to benefit from the bark in different ways in the future, determining the inventory values is another feature that makes the aforementioned species important. All these reasons bring Anatolian Black Pine to the forefront in terms of crustal thickness studies. In this direction, within the scope of the study, the relationships between breast height diameter and bark allowance, section height, and bark thickness parameters in different height groups for young and old trees were evaluated by the regression analysis method. The results obtained revealed that there were statistical differences between the diameter of the breast height diameter and the bark allowance, and between the section height and the bark thickness in terms of tree age and height groups.

208 - 212

Authors: Ayse Gülden ADAY KAYA, Tuğba DOĞMUŞ LEHTİJARVİ, Asko Tapio LEHTİJARVİ

The endophytic fungi present in needles of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus nigra, Pinus taeda and Pinus radiata were investigated in Kerpe Research Forest, İzmit in 2016. Ten trees of each pine species were sampled systematically. Previous years green needles were sampled from the lower part of the canopy, from two equally spaced positions around the tree. Each needle was surface sterilized and cut into 0.5 cm sections then individually placed onto malt extract agar plates. DNA was ex-tracted from reprensentative seven isolates and amplified using primers ITS1 and ITS4 targeting the nuclear 5.8S rDNA gene and the two ITS regions flanked between 18S and 28S rDNA genes. Amplicons sequenced in both directions using the univer-sal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4. Isolations from a total of 1000 needles (200 from each pine species) yielded 750 fungal isolates. Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert was isolated at the highest frequency followed by Acremonium sp., Cladio-sporum sp. and Cyclaneusma minus.

223 - 234

Authors: Halil İbrahim ÜRKMEZ, Serkan GÜLSOY

In this study, plant species diversity in Black pine, Red pine, Crimean juniper and oak forests in Dursunbey (Balıkesir) district was associated with some environmental variables and stand characteristics. Diversity calculations were performed at alpha, beta and gamma levels by using alternative indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Whittaker) and numerical transformations. According to the results of linear correlations and modeling analysis, alpha plant diversity was found to be higher in the forests where black pine (Pinus nigra), red pine (Pinus brutia), and juniper (Juniperus excelsa) species are dominant compared to oaks. In addition, the valley or canyon landforms contributed significantly to the alpha species diversity in these forests. Alternative scales used in the study caused significant differences in beta diversity. In the calculations made according to the data of 4 sub-samples of 20x20m, beta diversity was found to be the highest in oak forests, whereas in the data obtained from the main sample areas of 100x100m, on the contrary, the lowest beta diversity was calculated in oak forests and the highest in black pine forests. The degree of the canopy of the stands made a significant difference in beta diversity. Beta diversity is highest in discontinuous stands (1-10%), and the lowest in full canopy stands (71-100%). The most significant environmental variable for beta diversity was elevation. Changing climatic conditions and geomorphological heterogeneity due to the increase in elevation in the forests of the district have led to an increase in beta diversity. No statistically significant relationship was found between environmental variables and gamma diversity.

241 - 250

Authors: İsmail BAYSAL

Mistletoes is an important biotic pest that needs to be studied in terms of its wide distribution in forest areas, its potential damage and predictability of adverse effects of climate change. In this study, the incidence and infection status of white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit.) in fir trees were investigated. The study was conducted in pure Kazdağı fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss.) Coode & Cullen) forests spread within the borders of Bolu Forest Regional Directorate, Aladağlar Forest District Directorate, Kökez Forest State Enterprise. In the study, firstly, the incidence of mistletoe in fir trees was determined in 159 circular experimental plots determined with systematically. The incidence and infection status of mistletoe in tree crown structure were also observed and evaluated for mistletoe detected trees. “The Six-Class Dwarf Mistletoe Rating System” was taken into account in determining the incidence and infection status of white mistletoe and the degree of mistletoe infection. According to the study results, it was determined that mistletoe was found at the highest rates in forest areas below 1100 m altitude on the basis of sampling plots and tree level. Also, it was found that the incidence of mistletoe increased with the aid of the increase by diameter classes. The average mistletoe incidence rate for total of 4696 measured fir trees was found to be 22.64%. Also, the average mistletoe infection rate was found to be 2,42 as moderate level for 1063 infected fir trees. Mistletoe infection in three different crown parts of the tree was the lowest for the lower crown part and the highest for the upper crown part. The incidence of mistletoe in tree crowns showed significant differences in terms of diameter classes (????2 = 1171.631, df = 3, p = 0.000). It was determined that the degree of mistletoe infection increased with increasing diameter values, and it was highest for trees located at low elevations and southern aspects. The decrease in the presence of mistletoe on trees due to the increase with altitude (????2 = 83.570, sd=2, p= 0.000) was similarly found to be a negative relationship between the mean mistletoe infection degree and altitude (r = -0.416; p<0.01). The mean mistletoe infection degree was found to be 0.58 for the sampling points.

262 - 271

Authors: Edanur AYHAN, Neşat ERKAN

Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), one of the important medicinal and aromatic plants of our country, is a non-wood forest product with high economic value at local and national level. The fact that laurel is the subject to export has resulted in becoming a tool for reducing rural poverty and increasing economic development. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the profile of laurel producer and contribution of the laurel to the rural economy, to determine the problems in the laurel production process and to reveal the expectations of the forest villagers in Bursa, where laurel is produced. Correlation analysis was conducted in order to determine the variables that affect the incomes of the households from laurel. In order to estimate the income of the households from the laurel through the factors affecting these incomes, the stepwise regression analysis was used. A one-way anova was applied to investigate whether the income from laurel was significantly differed by the sales method and the laurel production stage in which the villager took part and to test whether the prices differed according to the intermediaries. In 2021, laurel contributed an average of 10680 Turkish Lira (TL) (1205 US$) per year to the households dealing with laurels in Bursa and made a total economic contribution of 6,1 million TL (688488 US$) to the forest villagers.

287 - 298

Authors: Gökhan TOPALOĞLU, Hasan ALKAN

This research was carried out to determine the mediating effect of certification in forestry on the relationship between green purchase intention and green purchasing behavior. Questionnaire technique was used to obtain the data. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with 319 consumers in Aydın. SPSS 22 and AMOS program were used to analyze the data. The methods used in the analysis are explanatory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and mediation analysis. The fit values of the model obtained according to the research findings were SRMR; 0.0605 CFI; 0.851 NFI; 0.787 TLI; 0.827 PNFI; 0.679 PGFI; 0.689 and RMSEA; 0.0704. As a result, the fit values were within the acceptable range and the model was validated. Considering the findings, certification information in forestry appears as a distinctive element in the formation of green purchasing behavior of consumers. With the validation of the model, it was concluded that the certification variable was a partial mediator variable. Considering that the concept of green cannot be considered separately from certification studies in forestry, it is a remarkable finding in terms of forestry.

309 - 315

Authors: Hasan TUNCER

Since the earliest times of history, fertile lands have had an important place for every society. This was also the case for the Hittites. Forested areas and the types of trees found in these areas are recorded in Hittite texts. The aim of this article is to analyses and evaluate the issue of forest in the Hittites through Hittite texts. In addition, the words that express the word forest and appear in the cuneiform documents were examined and how they were used in the texts was expressed. In the Hittites, forested areas with various trees were not only considered as a place of material benefits, but also as a sacred place. So much so that the Hittites performed many rituals in forested areas. It is also learnt from the texts that there were officials, bathing houses and some structures consecrated during the rituals in the forested areas. Some suggestions were also made to prevent the wrath and evil of the gods from visiting the forested areas. As various cities may have forests, sometimes forested areas were mentioned in the designation of a place, and sometimes it was stated that forests were located in an important part of the city. Forests, which were considered as a sacred place by the Hittites, were recorded in cuneiform documents in many different types of texts.

323 - 328

Authors: Mustafa ÇİÇEKLER, Ahmet TUTUŞ

The addition of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to peroxide bleaching has been investigated for its effects on the bleaching yield, mechanical and optical properties of Pinus brutia and wheat straw pulps. The pulps were subjected to four different bleaching conditions by adding charges of NaBH4 at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, while keeping a constant hydrogen peroxide charge of 7%. The use of NaBH4 in the peroxide bleaching processes of the two pulps increased the bleaching yields. The results show that the addition of NaBH4 significantly improved the mechanical properties of the pulps, including tensile and burst indices. The optical properties of the pulps were also improved with the addition of NaBH4. The increase in mechanical and optical properties can be attributed to the reduction of residual hydrogen peroxide and the removal of metal ions, while the decrease in yellowness is due to the removal of metal ions that can cause oxidative degradation of the pulp. The findings of this study suggest that the addition of NaBH4 as an additive in peroxide bleaching is a promising approach to improve the mechanical and optical properties of P. brutia and wheat straw pulps, which can be further explored in future research.