Turkish Journal of Forestry

8-16

Authors: Ali Uğur ÖZCAN

Valonia oak Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge & Yalt. spreads naturally in the Mediterranean coasts starting from Italy to Israel. In Turkey, this species constitutes forests in the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions. The only exception to the spread of valonia oak in the world is Turkey’s Kırıkkale Karagüney Mountains where the species constitutes forests in three different areas, and an expansive spread in a large agricultural area. This area, 300 km away from the species’ main distribution area, a most interior terrain in the world, and a most northeast spread, with a distinct climatic region, make the spread of the species controversial. This study aims to determine the distribution areas of the valonia oak across the Karagüney Mountains, to the analysis analyze the natural factors that affect its spread in the area, to determine the threats on the species, and to present solutions. For this purpose, field research was conducted between March 2018 and September 2020, the distribution maps of the valonia oak were created, analysis was carried out with the help of GIS, and threats were identified against the species. The research reveals that the valonia oak is distributed over approximately 7500 hectares across Karagüney Mountains. Within this area, a valonia oak forest, covering approximately 1910 hectares in Sulakyurt district,, apart from its two small stands in Ulaş and Meşeyayla Villages that have already been scientifically studied, may be considered quite large even for its natural spread areas. The area where the forest is located consists of brown and red forest soils dominated by the volcanic basalt bedrock. In agricultural areas, it is predominantly in alluvial areas. APM, where generally spreads between 700-1231 meters, is located at the beginning of the semi-humid region between 1000-1200 meters as a forest. Today, positive discrimination by the villagers has disappeared with the decrease in the value of especially the seeds of APM in economic terms.Therefore, young individuals of the species no longer exist in agricultural areas. As for the old oak trees, they are faced with legal or illegal cutting. Nevertheless, grazing, afforestation with alien species, seed collection, and garbage dumps can be listed as other threats. For the conservation of the species, making inventories in agricultural and forestry areas, determining special protection statuses, and conducting species-specific management plans are essential, leading to management both in the forest and agricultural areas.

25-32

Authors: Onur ÖZKAN, Tuğba DENİZ

The aim of this study is to evaluate the demand for medicinal plants from the perspective of herbalists who trade these plants in Istanbul and to reveal the relations among the variables affecting the demand. For this aim, the results of the face-to-face survey with 200 herbalists in 20 randomly selected districts of Istanbul were analyzed. In this scope, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and Chi-Square independence test were used. The analyses were carried out with SPSS 22.0 statistical package program. According to the results of the study, the top three medicinal plants which are most in demand are linden, ginger and sage, respectively. The most plant sales occur in winter and the most important criterion for consumers when purchasing plants is price. It was found that herbalists mostly sell the medicinal and aromatic plants which are good for respiratory diseases.

38-42

Authors: İlhami Emrah DÖNMEZ, Halime SALMAN

In this study, the chemical structure of the wood and bark of willow (Salix alba L.), grown naturally in the Lakes Region, was investigated. The main components of the cell wall, the solubility values, the amount of lipophilic and hydrophilic substances obtained by hexane and acetone:water (95:5, v:v) extraction of willow wood and bark, and also fatty acid composition and suberin analysis were studied in the bark. Holocellulose amount was determined in wood and bark, respectively, as 81.70% and 70.18%, α-cellulose 48.42% and 40.32%, klason lignin 24.01% and 33.81%, hot water solubility 4.09% and 21.51%, 1% NaOH solubility 13.88% and 43.48%, hexane solubility 8.24 mg/g and 10.64 mg/g, acetone:water solubility 31.26 mg/g and 30.72 mg/g. Linoleic acid (25.89%) in wood and N-ethylacetamide (32.94 %) in bark were determined as the major lipophilic substances after hexane extraction. In additon, after hexane extraction, the amount of fatty acids was investigated in the bark samples according to the Supelco 37 fatty acid mixture, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (55.71 %) was found to be predominant fatty acid. 2-methyl-4-keto-pentan-2-ol (17.00%) in the wood and sucrose (32.24%) in the bark were seen as the most common components as hydrophilic substances after acetone:water extraction.

49-55

Authors: Osman ÇAMLIBEL

The indispensable product of living spaces, the raw material of high density fiberboard (HDF) based derivative products (laminate flooring derivatives, etc.) are HDF boards. The test values (physical and formaldehyde emission properties ) of HDF boards are targeted both physical properties and formaldehyde emission E1 or E0 standard. In this study, 50% yellow pine (Pinus sylvestres L), 30% fir (Abies nordmanniana L), 20% beech (Fagus orientalis L) were used biomass. HDF boards of 7.7mmx2100mmx2440mm were produced on the production line which using three different moles of urea-formaldehyde resins (R; 1.17, X; 0.98 and Y; 0.88). Production parameters remained constant in the HDF line process and the only variable were urea formaldehyde resins used in three different molar ratios. The productions were manufactured in pressing speed of 950 mm/second and pressing temperature 215ºC and 60 seconds pressing time in the continue hot press. R, X, Y HDF boards produced; physical tests (thickness, density, board moisture, 24 hours Thickness-swelling and 24 hours water absorption) and formaldehyde gas emissions were analysed which was five boards were measured from each test group. Physical properties of HDF boards were measured which was the density of boards (R; 874 kg/m³, X; 881 kg/m³ and Y; 860 kg/m³) Thickness swelling of boards at 24 hours (R; 17.79%, X; 19.65% and Y; 19.08%) water absorption of boards at 24 hours (R; 19.65%, X; 19.09% and Y; 22.42%). Formaldehyde gas emission result of HDF boards were analysed (R; 14.96, mg/100g. X; 8.28 mg/100g and Y; 6.79 mg/100g). As a result of the study, differences were determined according to both physical test results and formaldehyde gas emission results for HDF boards produced.

62-64

Authors: Melih MICIK, İkbal Meltem ÖZÇANKAYA, Fikriye ÖÇAL , Kahraman İPEKDAL

Asian chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae), is an important pest of Castanea species worldwide. Adults emerge in summer and lay eggs in a few days. Severe infestations may reduce chestnut and timber production. It was first recorded in Europe in 2002 from Italy. In April 2014, it was recorded in Turkey for the first time in Marmara region (Yalova, north-western Turkey). Despite quarantine measures, infected chestnut saplings were sold from this region to several growers in western Turkey (Aydın and İzmir) in 2018. Although most of these saplings were removed and burned shortly after planting, some planted saplings could not be detected and some adult emergences may have occurred before the sapling removal, we had accepted hypothetically the Asian chestnut gall wasp was introduced in the region. Confirming this hypothesis, we detected the pest in a private chestnut orchard in 2020 in İzmir. Although, to date, we have not found it in adjacent natural chestnut stands, it will most probably increase in the whole region in the near future. As the largest private chestnut orchards of Turkey occur in this region, the Asian chestnut gall wasp invasion in the region will have serious socioeconomic consequences. Accordingly, we began to inform growers and foresters in the region, and to develop pest management strategies.