Turkish Journal of Forestry

178-186

Authors: Tuğçe Özek, Mustafa Avcı

The purpose of this study was to determine the harmful species of cones and their biology, damage and natural enemies in fir, pine and cedar forests of the Isparta Forest Regional Directorate. As result of the study, 7 harmful species from 3 orders, namely Camptomyia pinicola Mamaev (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Dioryctria mendacella Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), D. abietella Denis & Schiffermüller, D. peltieri Joannis, Cydia conicolana Heylaerts (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and Gravitarmata osmana Obraztsov were found. D. peltieri among these species is a new record for the fauna of forests in Turkey. Moreover, 9 parasitoid species, namely Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walker (Diptera: Tachinidae), Elachertus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Schizonotus sieboldi Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Homolobus sp., Ascogaster annularis (Nees von Esenbeck, 1816), Anomalon cruentatum (Geoffroy, 1785) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and two species from Campopleginae subfamily of the same family were found. As a predator species, Anomognathus sp. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) was found. Anomognathus sp. is a new species for the scientific community, while studies are still ongoing to identify this species.

197-206

Authors: Ayhan AKYOL, Ersin AKBULUT

Nowadays, protected areas are protected and used areas for various purposes. One of the key factors for the sustainable management of these areas is the visitors who use these areas. In this study, the effects of visitor characteristics and perceptions on the planning of protected areas and sustainable management were investigated. Kurşunlu Waterfall Natural Park in Antalya was selected as the study area. In the scope of the study, literature analysis, questionnaire-interview and field observations were used as data collection methods. For the analyses of obtained data, statistics package program (SPSS 20.0) was used. The factor analysis method was used to determine the factors affecting visitor perceptions and chi-square (χ2) test to explore the associations between the variables. According to the results of the study, the area is highly demanded due to its proximity to the city centre. High number of visitors, reduces the level of utilization of the visitors who prefer the area and may cause visual and environmental degradation in the area. Visitors’ preferences and perceptions are closely related to three factors: "visitor satisfaction and happiness", "suitability and adequacy of lower and upper structural elements", "visitor safety and visual integrity". The association of visitor characteristics with these factors gives the decision makers important clues that can be used to protect the park and manage it effectively.

212-218

Authors: Semih Ediş, Efehan Ulaş

In recent years, experts have identified that climate change and global warming affects stream flow regime. These changes cause floods and erosion in creeks, streams, rivers etc. Especially in semi-arid watersheds, the structure of the land usage type is an important factor in preventing possible disasters. The aim of this study is to determine watershed land usage type by using hydro-morphological structure of stream and some physical water quality parameters. To do so, hydro-morphological observations and some physical water quality parameters were collected from 513 different points in Acıçay and Tatlıçay watershed. For this purpose, four different Bayesian network scenarios were considered to see the changes in the type of the land use. In this scenario, the prediction probability of the watershed land usage type was determined with different parameters. In conclusion, coniferous forest was predicted with the highest probability rate of %97.

226-231

Authors: H.Hulusi Acar

Extraction process of wood raw materials, from forest stand to the nearest forest road, is very difficult and expensive stage having highest environmental damages. Forestry activities where limited to the use of technology have great importance in terms of technical, economical, ergonomic and environmental in mountainous terrain especially. The aim of this study is to develop an economic and ergonomic system to ensure the transport of logs to the nearest forest path by cable line and also to provide an alternative skyline system to existing costly methods in air transportation. In our country, the only method used to transport of logs in the air is the forest airlines. Differences of the proposed system from other airlines (expensive and imported) are more simple, ergonomic and economic. Thus, possible damages in both logs and environment will be minimized during the transportation and an ergonomic work will be done. In this system, drummed forest tractor was used for the power supply and 10-12 mm thickness steel cable as main cable was used. Locking wagon on the main cable was produced in special mechanic industry and it was integrated to the system. This wagon has 6-8 mm thicknesses ground cable and process of pulling the timber up to the forest road by cable wrapped to drum was completed. Ring system is used in the pulling of logs to uphill direction. Installation procedures of this system in the field can be performed in a very short period as a few hours in a simple manner. This research was tested in Mountainous Eastern Black Sea Region at the field condition formed conifer forest in the spring 2016. Controlled pulling to upward by using engine power was taken essential. Based on this study, drawing speed and efficiency on the motor system were found 1,05 m/s and 3,057 m3/h, respectively. Average skidding distance was 140 meter in both cases. Previously imported heavy forest airlines are not being profitable due to high depreciation price and inappropriate for the magnitude work. This system to be developed will be the first in our country. According to the forest airlines used in this world, the advantages are as follows: The tower is not required, practical, cheaper and portable, and it does not need a big drum.

241-246

Authors: Bilgin İçel

This work was conducted to investigate the possibility of estimating wood density and growth performance of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) trees in the field by using portable Shigometer device. The field works were carried out at five experimental areas which were located near the boundaries of Isparta, Burdur and Antalya provinces, under official responsibility of Isparta and Antalya regional directorates of forestry. Consequently, it was not possible to make a selection for wood density among different stands using Shigometer data. The best performance determined correctly using our dataset but, we could not achieve to determine other populations’ performance in correct order at one of experimental sites. Although a publication in the literature suggests that it could be used in the selection of the best one in terms of radial growth performance among the trees of the same population, further work is required for full support of that argument. The data obtained in this study are measured from the defect-free trees and may use as reference values for following studies on Pinus brutia.

251-257

Authors: Ferhat Özdemir, Arif Ayaz

In this study, the surfaces of MDF were coated with a mixture of calcite, fire retardant (FR) and glue. Then the properties of MDF boards combustion resistance were investigated. Borax and muscovite, known as flame retardants, were added to the mixture at 1%, 3% and 5% relative to the oven dry weight of calcite. The burning tests of the samples were carried out according to ASTM E 69 standard so that the combustion characteristics could be determined. The weight loss, temperature, O2, CO and NO gas emissions quantities of the test samples were measured. The measurements were recorded every 30 seconds. Borax had the most positive effect on weight loss (74.5%) and O2 amount (20.5%), while muscovite 5% chemistry had a greater effect on temperature (289 oC) and NO amount (342 ppm). Borax and muscovite used in surface coating have been positively influenced on burning performance depending on addition rate.