EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE

82 – 89

Authors: Irina Mikheeva

Fluctuations of properties in an individuum (pedon) of a chestnut soil under different use (virgin soil, unirrigated arable soil, and irrigated arable soil) were quantitatively evaluated. It was shown that these fluctuations make up to 20-40% of the property changeability in an elementary soil area. Probability distribution functions (pdf) with high p-values were considered as probabilistic models of soil properties. Analysis of pdf regularities gives clear and stable information about difference of soil properties in the soil volumes in space in soil horizons under agricultural impacts. Information divergences quantify these regularities. Analysis of entropy value highlighted the main tendency of agricultural impact – the tendency of outstanding decreasing quantity of various microconditions of soil, which is important change of edaphic factor.

97 – 101

Authors: Gennady Morkovkin, Yekaterina Litvinenko, Nina Maksimova

It is shown that the agricultural landscapes of the natural soil zones of the Altai Region are subjected to intense anthropogenic impact, and they are in an unstable state. Agricultural use has caused an extensive development of degradation processes, and the resulting indicator of those is the increase of eroded soils areas, dehumification, and the decrease of humus soil horizon thickness. More active wind erosion is revealed in the chestnut soil zone of the dry steppe and in the subzone of southern chernozems of arid steppe; a combined action of wind and water erosion is observed in the subzones of arid, temperate-arid and forest-outlier steppe, and water erosion develops in the zones of central forest-steppe and meadow steppe. The highest intensity of dehumification is observed in arid and temperate-arid steppe, and a greater change rate of soils areas in terms of humus horizon thickness decrease is observed in the chestnut soil zone of dry steppe and in the subzone of southern chernozems of arid steppe.

107 – 113

Authors: Shailendra Singh Chauhan, Anjana Srivastava, Prakash Chandra Srivastava, Ankita Verma

Sorption-desorption processes govern the movement of all chemicals including pesticides in soils. The present investigation was undertaken to study the sorption-desorption of imidacloprid, using a batch method, on soils of five different location of India. Sorption data were fitted to Freundlich isotherm. The log K value was the highest for loam type soil (1.830) and the lowest for clay type soil (1.661). The value of 1/n was the maximum for silt loam soil (0.909) but minimum for loam soil (0.723). Simple correlation analysis indicated that among soil properties only electrical conductivity showed a higher but marginally non-significant negative correlation with log K (r = -0.826) indicating that higher concentration of solutes solutes are conducive to low sorption capacity of soil. The desorption data conformed to two surfaces Freundlich desorption isotherm. The values of 1/n1' corresponding to easily desorbed fraction of imidacloprid showed significant negative correlation with soil pH (r = -0.886, significant at p ≤0.05) but significant positive correlation with clay content (r = 0.980, significant at p ≤0.01). The desorption index for easily desorbed fraction of imidacloprid (n1’/n) also had significant negative correlation with soil pH (r = 0.953, significant at p ≤0.05). From cumulative desorption data, it appeared that bioavailability of imidacloprid would be lower in neutral soil than acidic or alkaline soils.

122 – 130

Authors: Stefanos Stefanou, Agapi Z. Papazafeiriou

The effect of amorphous and crystalline iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) oxides and oxy-hydroxides as well as clay on soil penetration resistance of five Greek soils, as a function of soil water suction was studied for the whole range of soil moisture. The soils tested were of loamy texture and were collected from cultivated and non-cultivated areas of north and central Greece (Macedonia and Thessaly). The study aimed at understanding the role of the above mentioned soil components on penetration resistance. The findings showed that the increase of iron and aluminum oxides and oxy-hydroxides content resulted in an increase of soil penetration resistance and the relationships between them were significant. Crystalline iron forms found to have a more profound effect on penetration resistance as compared to amorphous iron forms. Finally, positive and significant relationships were also found between penetration resistance and clay content. However, it is not entirely clear which of the two soil components plays the most important role in penetration resistance changes in soils.

140 – 144

Authors: Ferit Sönmez, Arzu Çığ, Füsun Gülser, Gülcinay Başdoğan

The objective of this research was to determine the effects of organic fertilizers on nutrient contents in leaves and corms of hybrid Gladiolus sp. used as a cut flower in landscape arrangement. This study was conducted in a randomized experimental design with three replications. Chicken manure, farmyard manure, peat and waste mushroom compost were used as organic fertilizers. As a result, while the highest mean contents of nitrogen (1.97%), iron (160 ppm) and manganese (128 ppm) in leaves were obtained in chicken manure application, the highest mean contents of potassium (2.01%), calcium (1.80%) and magnesium (0.25 ppm) were determined in waste mushroom compost application. The highest mean contents of phosphorus (0.30%), zinc (25.3 ppm) and copper (9.29 ppm) in leaves were found with peat, control and farmyard manure applications, respectively. The highest mean contents of phosphorus (0.83%), potassium (1.47%), calcium (0.57%), manganese (73 ppm) and zinc (67.3 ppm) in corms were obtained in farmyard manure applications. While the highest mean contents of nitrogen (4.86%) and copper (20.9 ppm) in corms were determined in chicken manure application, the highest mean contents of iron (17.6 ppm) and magnesium (0.20 %) in corms were obtained in peat and waste mushroom compost applications, respectively. Application of organic fertilizers increased macro and micro nutrient contents in leaves and corms of hybrid Gladiolus sp.

7 - 11

Authors: Zoltán Győri, Norbert Boros, Emese Bertáné Szabó, Péter Sipos

In January and March 2000 two tailings dam failures occurred in the upper Tisza catchment area near Baia Mare and Baia Borsa (Romania). These accidents focused attention on the metal pollution of the Tisza catchment area, and the short term effects of them were studied by many researchers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term effects of these pollutions by determining the Lakanen-Erviö extractable easily available metal contents of samples collected in 2011 from floodplains and pastures along the Tisza (Tivadar, Vásárosnamény, Rakamaz, Tiszacsege), and comparing them to our earlier results. Cu and Zn contents were measured by Optima 3300 DV ICP-OES (Perkin-Elmer). The measurement of Pb and Cd was conducted by QZ 939 GF-AAS (Unicam) in 2000 and by an X7 ICP-MS (Thermo Fisher) in 2011. We found that the Cd, Zn and Pb contents of the pasture near Vásárosnamény exceed limit values and natural background values. In addition, during a 11 year period the easily available Cd, Zn and Pb contents increased significantly, suggesting that the hazard of this pollution should not be neglected.

19 - 27

Authors: Mustafa Bolca, Fulsen Özen, Yusuf Kurucu, Ünal Altınbaş, Burçin Çokuysal, Sezai Delibacak

This research was planned to investigate the structural properties and soil mapping capability according to rules of the 7. Approximation Soil Taxonomic System of the region western part of the Büyük Menderes Basin by using Landsat satellite images in remote sensing technique. The data gathered from field observation about some soil properties and land requirements of different land use types were correlated and as a result of that the boundaries of land use patterns were carried out. Land use patterns were detected according to suitable land use classes for soil mapping units and potential land use map were done. Land use assessment is likely to be the prediction of land potential for productive land use types. This case is great important in guiding decisions on land uses in terms of potential and conserving natural resources for future generations. The main objective of this study was to determine land resources and to assess potential land use in the west part of the Büyük Menderes Basin of Aegean region. The study area covers about 24.300 km2 and formed on alluvial material deposited by Büyük Menders River. Using Landsat 5 TM satellite images, which cover back and foot slope of mountain and alluvial plains of the western part of Menderes Basin, and taking physiographic units of the region as basis, detailed soil series and phases were determined. Soils of the region were classified as Entisol, Inceptisol as 2 orders, 4 suborders, 4 great groups and 6 sub groups, and 10 series. Twenty-five different land utilization types grouped into 4 major land use groups were evaluated for the studied area’s soils. ILSEN computer model was used to determined potential land use groups and suitable classes for agricultural uses. In addition, ArcGIS software was used to generate their maps and database. Suitability map for agricultural uses results showed that, distributions of the best, relatively good, problematic and restricted agricultural lands were 31,68%, 22,63%, 22,16% and 23,53% respectively. Only 31,68% of the study area has the best land for agricultural uses. The main plant growth limitation soil factors are shallow soil depth, high slope, subsurface stoniness, poor drainage, heavy and coarse sub surface soil texture and low water retention capacity.

35 - 44

Authors: Mehmet Arif Özyazıcı

This research was carried to determine the effects of sewage sludge applications on the yield and yield components of plants under crop rotation system. The field experiments were conducted in the Bafra Plain, located in the north region of Turkey. In this research, the “wheat-white head cabbage-tomato” crop rotation systems have been examined and the same crop rotation has been repeated in two separate years and field trials have been established. Seven treatments were compared: a control without application of sludge nor nitrogen fertilization, a treatment without sludge, but nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, applied at before sowing of wheat and five treatments where, respectively 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 tons sludge ha-1. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. The results showed that all the yield components of wheat and yield of white head cabbage and tomato increased significantly with increasing rates of sewage sludge as compared to control. As a result, 20 t ha-1 of sewage sludge application could be recommended the suitable dose for the rotation of wheat-white head cabbage-tomato in soil and climatic conditions of Bafra Plain.

54 - 58

Authors: Ilgiz Khabirov, Fariz Mikayilov

An attempt has been made to analyze the possibility to use nonequilibrium thermodynamics for the soil dynamic open systemstreatment. Entropy change of such a system and the entropy coming from or going into the outer sphere. In the steady state, dynamic soil-formation processes occur within an organized structure and are characterized by stable parameters close to equilibrium. Accordingly, when examining soil, one can proceed from the conventional thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the matter of Onzager-Prigozhin general phenomenological theory applicability to soil processes is more complicated. To study soil stability it is necessary to go beyond the limits of linear thermodynamics.

69 - 75

Authors: Maira Kussainova, Murat Durmuş, Aylin Erkoçak, Rıdvan Kızılkaya

The main objective of this study was to determine changes in soil dehydrogenase activity in natural macro aggregates development along a slope in forest soils. This study was carried out in Kocadag, Samsun, Turkey. Four landscape positions i.e., summit, shoulder backslope and footslope, were selected. For each landseape position, soil macro aggregates were separated into six aggregate size classes using a dry sieving method and then dehydrogenase activity was analyzed. In this research, topography influenced the macroaggregate size and dehydrogenase activity within the aggregates. At all landscape positions, the contents of macro aggregates (especially > 6.3 mm and 2.00–4.75 mm) in all soil samples were higher than other macro aggregate contents. In footslope position, the soils had generally the higher dehydrogenase activity than the other positions at all landscape positions. In all positions, except for shoulder, dehydrogenase activity was greater macro aggregates of <1 mm than in the other macro aggregate size.