Tomsk State University Journal of Biology

7-25

Authors: Elena N. Beloysova

The influence of perennial leguminous grasses and fallow on the structural composition and content of mobile forms of nitrogen of chernozem soil of Krasnoyarsk forest steppe is examined. An "excellent" structural composition was identified under eastern galega and hybrid alfalfa of the 10–11 and 5–6 years of use, respectively. The structural composition of the soil under eastern galega is dominated by pedov of magnitude 3–5 and 2–3 mm and the least content of the largest units(>10 mm) , compared to alfalfa agrophitocenosis and fallow field. Two-factor analysis of variance revealed the dependence of the content of structural units and mobile nitrogen compounds from a number of the studied factors. A significant contribution to the variability of the structural composition of the factor «not examine factors» was found out- not the studied variables in the experiment. Granulometric soil composition has a significant impact on the formation of separate units. Apparently, the factors contributing to the least flow of valuable-size aggregates in the soil of fallow field are smaller humus content, relatively high content of coarse dust and the lack of plant root systems. The soil under fallow gave way to the perennial grass agrocenoses and corresponded to "good" level of structure. The degree of the influence of factors on the mobilization of nitrogen alcaline-hydrolizable compounds is in the following descending order: interaction (crop * period)> period> crop. It was shown that in the soil under eastern galega, maximum pool of easily hydrolizable nitrogen is formed, in comparison with alfalfa and fallow in the growing season with optimum moistening. Fallow soil was inferior to herbal agro-ecosystems, but trash cover background conditioned an increase in nitrogen up to the level of perennial grasses under arid conditions of the second growing season (2012 y.). According to the content of ammonium nitrogen, the variants were equal and corresponded to low level. A significant impact on the nature of the transitions of ammonium exchange was made by a factor "period", apparently reflecting the variability of moistening conditions and temperature of growing seasons. The dynamics of nitric nitrogen revealed the advantages of the fallow field before grasses, whereas eastern galega – before alfalfa. The intensity of oxidized nitrogen compounds was determined by agrotechnical and bio-climatic factors, which is proved by statistics.

42-55

Authors: Anastasya A. Lelyak, Margarita V. Shternshis

Bacteria of Bacillus genus are known as the producers of biologically active substances (BAS) including enzymes and antibiotics, whose diversity depends on geographical origin of isolation. BAS production causes high bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of Bacillus spp. towards zoopathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and also fungicidal and fungistatic activity towards phytopathogenic fungi. In veterinary, preparations and fodder additives, including bacteria of Bacillus genus are used for cattle-plague decrease and weight increase of animals. In plant protection against agents causing diseases the efficacy of Bacillus spp. as the basis of biological fungicides is shown in fields and greenhouses. The aim of this article is to evaluate Siberian wild strains of Bacillus genus bacteria as potential basis of biological formulations for animal and plant health management. The bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis were isolated from forest soil of Novosibirsk region and were registered in All-Russian collection of industrial microorganisms (VKPM) and German collection of microorganisms and cell cultures (DSMZ). Pure cultures of phytopathogenic fungi Bipolaris sorokiniana VKPM В-532, Botyrtis cinerea VKPM В-1006, Fusarium graminearum VKPM В-147, F. solani VKPM В-163, F. chlamydosporum VKPM В-899, F. oxysporum VKPM В-349 and F. avenacium VKPM В-623 were received from VKPM. Other test-cultures including the strains of phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium solani and Phytophthora infestans, were isolated by authors from infected plants, and the strains of zoopathogenic bacteria Candida albicans, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosae, Salmonella choleraesuis, S. enteritidis, S. peretyphi, S.typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Sh. flexneri Iia and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from biological material of animal origin. The strongest antagonistic action of Siberian Bacillus strains towards zoopathogens was observed against St. aureus. Towards C. albicans, the strains B. subtilis VKPM В-16041, DSM 24613, B. amyloliquefaciens VKPM В-10642, DSM 24614, amyloliquefaciens VKPM В-10643 and DSM 24615 were shown to possess high activity. The rest of the bacteria revealed moderate antagonistic activity towards this pathogen. Towards other Gram-negative bacteria used in the experiments – C. freundii, E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., Sh. sonnei, Sh. flexneri IIa all Bacillus strains revealed bactericidal action of moderate and weak degree. These very strains of antagonistic bacteria were shown to have inhibitory properties towards most phytopathogens used in the experiments. The highest inhibitory effect towards A. solani causing agent was observed by strains B. amyloliquefaciens Ba-1 and Ba-2, B. licheniformis VKPM В-10561, DSM 24609 and B. subtilis Bs-1. The strains B. subtilis Bs-1, B. amyloliquefaciens Ba-1and Ba-2В revealed high activity in growth suppression of root rot causing agent B. sorokiniana. The same strains were very active compared with others towards plant grey mold causing agent B. cinerea. Simultaneously, the strains B. licheniformis did not suppress B. cinerea growth. All Bacillus spp., studied here, showed a high level of inhibitory activity towards Solanaceae phytophtora causing agent Ph. infestans. No antagonistic activity towards F. solani VKPM В-163 was displayed by bacterial strains B. licheniformis Bl-1; VKPM В-10562, DSM 24610, VKPM В-10564 and DSM 24612. The antagonistic potential of Siberian strains of bacteria of Bacillus genus towards zoopathogenic and phytopathogenic microorganisms revealed in this work testify of promising study of isolated antagonistic bacteria as a basis of ecologically safe biopreparations for plant and animal health management.

66-89

Authors: Alexandr G. Lapirov

Long-term data on the ontogeny of A. plantago-aquatica L. are summarized. Eleven age stages are identified and described: the 1st year of life – seedlings and juvenile; the 2nd year – adult vegetative, latent generative and young-generative; the 3rd year – young and middle-generative plants; the 4th year – middle-generative, old generative and senile plants. Patterns of individual development are identified. Special attention is paid to the formation of vegetative and generative sphere of plants and their changes during the transition from one ontogenetic state to another. This study of ontogenesis of A. plantago-aquatica was conducted during the vegetation seasons of 1996–1999, 2001–2003, 2005, 2008–2011 in shallows of the Rybinsk reservoir and inflowing small rivers Ild, Sytka and Korozechna; a moist depression near the excavated pond in the village of Grigorovo and a section of disturbed meadows, among willow shrubs near the town of Borok; in roadside depressions along the roads. Alisma plantago-aquatica L. is a representative of the family Alismataceae Vent. It belongs to the ecological group of short grass helophytes. This plant has the Eurasian-North African range, wide ecological amplitude and is found along the shores of lakes, river banks, in shallows of reservoirs, in ponds, trenches, canals, ditches, and areas with surface and groundwater flooding. A. plantago-aquatica is a pioneer plant which appears in mass in water bodies during the first years of their existence. However, the competitive ability of this species is low. This plant is an indicator of eutrophic freshwater areas with alluvial sediments, habitats disturbed due to grazing, low water areas and the presence of thick deposits of silt. Our research has shown that: - The structure of the first leaves, which develop from seedling, depends on the water content in soil and varies from linear, when developed in water, to differentiated into the petiole and leaf blade, when developed on land. - Before flowering (seedlings, juvenile and adult vegetative plants) the primary shoot of A. plantago-aquatica grows monopodially, then – sympodially. Side shoots, which are formed in plants of different age groups, develop in the same way. "Metacoryphismus" occurs through acrosimpodial growth. - From the moment of the generative organs development, clearly expressed quantitative growth is observed. Apparently, the value of quanta depends on the age of the plant. In most cases, it is equal to 4-6 phytomers. - Morphological fragmentation of the plant, both partial non-specialized and complete, occurs in the 4-th year of life of the indi-vidual, which leads to the formation of a clone from isolated uneven lateral shoots that passed to an independent existence.

97-110

Authors: Аndrey S. Babenko, Svetlana А. Nuzhnyh

The peculiarities of fauna and seasonal dynamics of activity of rove beetles (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae) on the berry plantations and surrounding ecosystems of Siberian Botanical Garden (SBG) experimental plot nearby Tomsk have been shown. Rove beetles have been collected with the help of Barber pitfall trap on the territories of black-currant and strawberry plantation, in birch and poplar forests. There are 29 species of ground beetles on the territory under study, and Drusilla canaliculata F. is the dominant species on each site under study. Approximately half of all rove beetles from the pitfall traps belong to D. сanaliculata, and its proportion in different ecosystems varies from 28.60 to 40.33%. Other dominant species (Xantholinus tricolor F. and Philonthus decorus Grav.) significantly come short of activity in comparison with D. сanaliculata. The proportion of X. tricolor is relatively high on the strawberry plantation (26.65 %) and in the poplar forest (24.66%), but the activity of P. decorus is relatively higher in wetter habitats – in the birch forest (18.80%) and on the black-currant plantation (16.30%). The diversity of rove beetles on all the territories under study is relatively low: there are 16 species on the black-currant site, 16 – in the poplar forest, 18 – in the birch forest, and only 11 species on the strawberry plantation. On the berry plantations the activity of rove beetles is supported by the three dominant species: P. decorus, D. сanaliculata and X. tricolor. The activity of beetles was low on the strawberry site during the whole period of study, and staphylinids significantly come short of activity in comparison with carabids beetles in the first part of summer. The activity of rove beetles on the black-currant plantation was significantly high compared to strawberry plantations and there was one peak of activity here at the beginning of August (due to activity of D. сanaliculata and X. tricolor). The activity of rove beetles on forest territories was significantly high in comparison with the berry habitats. In the birch forest staphylinids’ activity increases gradually during June, explosive growth of their activity is observed at the beginning of July, and explosive decrease in their activity is observed up to the end of July. In the poplar forest during the first part of summer activity of beetles was low, but explosive growth (due to activity of D. сanaliculata) was in the first part of August. There are some similarities and differences between seasonal dynamic activity of Carabidae and Staphylinidae beetles in the forests and berry plantations. Obviously, the representatives of both families prefer the same micro-climate conditions, but often they have different place of wintering and locomotion possibilities. Most rove beetles are active in summer in the place of wintering, but ground beetles often migrate from forests towards berry plantations.

121-131

Authors: Gleb N. Artemov, Semen M. Bondarenko, Vladimir N. Stegniy

The nonrandom position of chromosomes in the nucleus is provided by the attachment of chromosomes to the frame structure, the role of which can be performed by the nuclear lamina. There are two classes of lamina-associated domains in the genome: conservative for all tissues and tissue-specific. Contact formation in various chromosome regions can induce activation or repression of defined gene patterns, specific for each cell line. In this work, we proposed that this process may not only determine the presence or absence of contact of chromosomes with the envelope in certain areas, but also the position of the contacts of chromosomes, relative to each other, on the nuclear envelope. We defined remoteness of points of XL and 3R contacts to the nuclear envelope from each other in the internuclear space of the cells of Anopheles messeae Fall. The localization of regions was performed by 3D FISH of microdissected DNA-probes of 32d and 2b-c regions with intact nuclei of nurse cells, salivary glands cells, follicular epithelium cells and imaginal discs cells. These cells differed from each other by the level of ploidy (polyploidy and diploid cells), by the type of polyteny (classic politene chromosomes cells and cells with cryptic politeny), by the way of differentiation (germ line cells and somatic cells) and by the potential for further development (terminally differentiated and stem cells). The estimation of the distance between points of chromosomes contacts to the nuclear envelope was performed by determining the angle between two imaginary vectors, drawn from the center of the nucleus to the corresponding points of contact. We showed that the interposition of points of contacts for XL and 3R chromosomes is tissue-specific. The main conclusion, made on the basis of the results of this work, lies in the fact that the most significant differences in the spatial interpositions of XL and 3R chromosomes attachment areas are observed in germ-line cells – nurse cells. Thus, we confirmed the special importance of interposition of attachment points of the chromosomes in the cells of the generative system of malarial mosquitoes. Of great interest is the difference of spatial organization of chromosomes of imaginal disc cells from other cells of the somatic system, which indicates the presence of an unusual system of chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope, perhaps similar to the nurse cells, in the nuclei of these cells. It remains unclear, whether the observed features of these cells are connected with their active division or the ability to further differentiation. Further research will be aimed at clarifying the causes of interstitial differences in the nuclear architecture of chromosomes.

154-166

Authors: Lyudmila P. Gabysheva

The article brings the results of research concerning the role of forest fires in Central Yakutia for reforestation. Natural specifics of Central Yakutia, i.e. combination of permafrost with insufficient atmospheric moistening and arid climate, caused natural reasons for emergence and spreading of fire forests. Central areas of Yakutia, as compared to other regions, were characterized by high fire rating of forests for a long historic time, which is connected not only with arid conditions and high population density but also with economic trends in these regions. In recent years, the human role in appearance and spreading of fires is increasing. Information on the fire impact on forest vegetation has been brought in the publications of researchers since the early 20th century, where they indicate that larch role increases in the post-fire period and there is a relatively good revegetation of the original type of forests. It is thought that supremacy of larch forests in NE Asia is conditioned, foremost, by biological species features obtained in the process of evolution and is one of the mechanisms for decreasing the effect of fire influence on natural ecosystems. Larch forests are mostly of pyrogenic origin, which is proved by very good larch regeneration after fires. Research made by authors from different regions (Scherbakov et al, 1979; Tsvetkov, 1993, 2004 et al) evidence that the larch has the properties of “pyrophyteness”. Studies related to the role of fire in reforestation of Central Yakutia are conducted near Matta vil., Megino-Kangassky Ulus. Burn-sites of different post-fire periods (6, 16, 20, 65yrs) served the targets of the research; the larch with growing Vaccinium vitis-idaea was a control site. Natural reforestation was carried out by tried and tested practices according to P.A.Tsvetkov (2004), A.V. Pobedinsky (1966) with laying 25 plots for each burned-out site. The undergrowth was classified according to groups of heights (lower than 10, 10 to 50, 50 to 100, 100 to 300 and higher than 300 cm) including vitality (vigorous, weakened, drying out, dry wood). DP was performed according to V.A. Alexeyev (1989) and P.A. Tsvetkov (2004) techniques in Excel computer program. It has been established that the share of sound undergrowth of larch makes 87−100% at early and mid-stages of succession and the one of all larch trees is 59−60% at late stages of succession and in the forest. Starting from the age of 16−20 the proportion of frail, wilt and dry larch trees increases. The vital power of post-fire larch cenopopulations (with vitality index 98.1−99.9 %) is more wholesome and sound as compared to young larches growing in the forest (77.6%).

183-198

Authors: Tatiana A. Tomova, Elena Ju. Prosekina, Tatiana A. Zamoschina, Maria V. Matyuhina, Oksana A. Fatyushina

The experiment simulated the stress reaction, using markers of hidden functional organism reserves. These markers were immo-bilization, carbocholine and saline. The study was carried out on male rats weighing 180–240 g and dogs weighing 15–22 kg. Immo-bilization of the rats was performed once a day for 18 hours, fixing on the back by all the limbs on the operating table, the dogs were placed in a narrow cage of the wooden slats. Non-selective cholinomimetic carbocholine ("Reanal", Hungary) was administered in-tramuscularly to rats at a dose of 25 mg/kg, the dogs – 6 mg/kg. Physiologic saline was administered intraperitoneally to rats in a volume of 1 ml per 200 g body weight, dogs – intravenously in a volume of 1 ml per 10 kg bodyweight. Blood for laboratory tests was taken from an artery in rats during decapitation, in dogs – from the subcutaneous vein of the shin. The intensity of the stress-reaction is determined by such criteria as the level change of 11-oksicorticosteroids (11-OCS) in plasma, as well as the total content of leukocytes and the leukocytal formula in peripheral blood in dogs and rats. Statistical procedures were performed with the help of StatSoft STATISTICA 6.0 application package using the average values of the analyzed indicator (M), standard error of the mean (m), the criterion of Mann-Whitney (U-test) and Student's t-test (t). The differences were considered significant at p<0,05. As a result, we obtained the adaptive response of different types with a characteristic set of changes in blood parameters. Using a different interval of time between the injections of saline and carbochol, changes in the concentration of corticosterone in rats were obtained after immobilization, as well as neutrophilia (due to the segmented neutrophils), monocytopeniya and lymphopenia . In the animals, the most striking changes in blood were observed with the simultaneous combination of saline and carbochol. In dogs, the results were obtained which indicated the dependence of the blood and the direction of change after the action of immobilization on the baseline indicators. Thus, in animals with low baseline levels 11-OCS an increase in hormones in plasma after stress is more pronounced than in the group of animals which have higher level control 11-OCS. Changes of leukogram after immobilization consisted of a pronounced neutrophilia (due to the segmented forms in animals with initially high content of band neutrophils and due to the stab forms in animals with initially low level of their content), monocytosis and lymphopenia. Basophils were detected only in the first group of animals and their number increased after the immobilization. The number of eosinophils decreased in the group of dogs with initially high level of eosinophils and increased in animals that had low baseline level of eosinophils.After immobilization, in animals with a low baseline of stab neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and with initially high content of lymphocytes, the level of numerical values of eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes was higher and the content of stab neutrophils was lower than in the other group of dogs.