Tomsk State University Journal of Biology

19-37

Authors: Oksana M. Minaeva, Elena E. Akimova

Biological method of plant protection from phytopathogens is based on applying microbial antagonists of phytopathogens. Today, domestic and foreign markets are represented by a number of bacteria-based formulations; nevertheless, more effective plant protection agents are being searched. The present work examines a possibility of applying formaldehyde-resistant bacteria Pseudomonas sp., strain В-6798, as a potential biofungicide. Different methods for estimation of antifungal activity of the strain were used, including the method linked with inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi by bacteria-antagonists. Growth-promoting activity of bacteria was assessed both in laboratory and field experiments. As the test objects were used the following crops: wheat, oats, maize, potato and fiber flax. Treatment of seeds with Pseudomonas sp., strain B-6798, reduced the overall infestation of cereal crops by seed infection agents by 12–36% due to decreasing the percentage of seeds affected by Helminthosporium and Fusarium root rot causing agents. Bacterization of potato tubers reduced late blight in the period of growing season by 45–50%, rhizoctonia blight and common scab by 40–70% during storage. The optimum concentrations of the applied bacteria for plant protection were within 104–107 CFU/ml. It was established that under the activity of antagonistic bacteria in the laboratory conditions shoot length was increased in 1.5–3.5 times, dry biomass – 1.5–5 times and total root system length – 1.7–3.0 times. According to the results of field experiments, bacterization contributed to increasing the yield of cereal crops and potato by 10–40%, depending on the species and variety.

46-55

Authors: Boris F. Sviridenko, Tatyana V. Sviridenko, Andrew N. Efremov, Olga E. Tokar, Konstantin S. Evzhenko

In the West Siberian Plain, for a 90-year period Elodea сanadensis has spread initially from the forest-steppe part of the Transurals (the Tobol River basin) mainly along the valleys of large rivers and their feeders as well as in freshwater objects in dividing areas up to Surgut (61°19′N, 73°24′E) in the north and Ekibastuz (52°01′N, 75°22′E) in the south. The authors have found populations of Е. canadensis in 32 of the 640 studied water bodies (5%), including 14 in Tyumen Region (4 of them in the Khanty-Mansijsk Autonomous District), 12 in Omsk Region, 6 in the northern part of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the covered territory, the invasion species E. сanadensis exhibits dominating behavior and displaces indigenous species of immersed hydromacrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, P. friesii, Hydrilla verticillata) from the hydroecotopes. The average projective cover by E. сanadensis in the studied West Siberian coenoses is up to 52%. Projective cover by E. сanadensis over 80% has been registered in more than 30% coenoses where this species occurs. In the forest-steppe botanical-geographical belt, coenoses with dominating E. сanadensis form a wet phytomass in the amount up to 3 700–7 336 g/m2, which is equivalent to 368–690 g/m2 of air-dry weight. Today, the trend towards further spreading of E. сanadensis across the West Siberian Plain remains.

73-82

Authors: Mikhail I. Cheprakov

The present work is directed to study of changes of intensity of maturation of young of the year depending on population density. Since 1999 for 2011 years once in a season in second half of July took samples of local population bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber). Reproductive status voles on a condition of reproductive system determined. The pregnant and parous females, having placental scar and/or embryos in uterus, and males with weight of the testis more than 150 mg with the advanced epididymis were ranked to sexually mature individuals. Each time after year of a middle abundance occurred year high-density, therefore years of middle population density were increase phases. For the years of a low abundance followed peak years or one behind another, this has allowed to consider theirs as phase of decline (depressions). Age of animals determined under the form and sizes of the second upper tooth. For the analysis used young bank voles only in the age from 1.5 month, as sexually mature individuals in our samples meet since this age. Total investigated of young of the year has made 443 individuals. As among young voles the grown-ups individuals had age 3.5 month and among overwintered animals youngest were not younger 9.5 month, hence for the period of supervision of winter reproduction was not. The infringements of monotony of a curve reflecting dependence of a share sexually mature among young of the year from its indexes of abundance in July, occur within the limits of low and middle values population density of bank vole. The high values of a proportion mature young of the year, expressed at population of density are less 8 ind./ha, within the limits of area 8–19 ind./ha decrease and remain low. This is connected to influence on an investigated parameter of abnormal weather conditions in first half summer and/or of the raised share red-backed (Clethrionomys rutilus Pall.) and redsided voles (Clethrionomys rufocanus Sundevall) in community. The adverse weather conditions approximately equally suppress puberty, both males, and females young of the year. But the increased share red-backed and red-sided voles in community in the greater measure works on young females of the bank vole, than on males. Under abnormal weather conditions the effect of the raised share closely-related of species in community is not shown. The new increase of share sexually mature individuals up to a previous level occurs at population density within the limits of 20–30 ind./ha. Substantially it is connected to favorable weather conditions in those years, when the level population density was in the indicated limits. Density-dependent mechanisms of population self-regulation begin to work already at middle population density as seasonal inhibition of puberty females young of the year. In a complete measure their action is shown, when population density exceeds 40 ind./ha, therefore a share reproductively-active young voles comes nearer to zero.

91-99

Authors: Ilja I. Brusentsov, Irina V. Brusentsova, Alexey V. Katokhin, Vladimir V. Besprozvannykh, Nadezhda N. Semenchenko, Alexey E. Sazovov, Viatcheslav А. Mordvinov

In the present work, genetic diversity and phylogeography of the Far Eastern population of the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis has been studied using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. C. sinensis is a causative factor of serious pathologies in humans. It is widely distributed in East Asia, but in Russia it is only found in the Far East. 26 metacercarian samples were collected at three distant localities in Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai and were subjected to ITS1 sequencing. We also used 26 ITS1 sequences of C. sinensis from Primorsky Krai (two localities), which were previously deposited in GenBank. Statistical analysis was performed using the program DnaSP 4.5 and Arlequin 3.5. The median haplotype network was constructed by median joining using Network 4.6. Standard statistics showed low genetic diversity in the studied population: S, the number of polymorphic positions was 1.8%; Hd, haplotype diversity, was 0.21 ±0.05; and π, nucleotide diversity, was 0.0006 ± 0.0002. The obtained value of Fst was 0.045, which is indicative of low genetic differentiation. To establish the genealogical relationships between the haplotypes, we constructed a statistical parsimony network. It was found out that one major haplotype was identified in 88.5% of the sampled individuals. Of other five haplotypes, three were unique (singlets). The maximum distance between haplotypes was 3 SNP and one indel (5 substitutions). To estimate the population dynamics of C. sinensis in Russian part of the area, the analysis of pairwise nucleotide differences distribution was conducted. Unimodal mismatch distribution suggests a recent change in population size. Therefore, we believe that our data are consistent with a “founder effect” hypothesis, when a small number of migrants that were not genetically representative of the ancestral population have colonized a new area. To estimate the expected time of the species expansion, we used substitution rate (0.8%/MY) previously established for Schistosoma species (Schistosomatidae, Trematoda). Based on these data, C. sinensis expansion began approximately sooner than 4.5 kBP. We conclude that the outspread of the studied species to the Russian Far East territory could be due to the Holocene migration of the final hosts including humans.

111-119

Authors: Svetlana A. Voizekhovskaya, Elvira R. Umagulova, Elena N. Surnina, Tatyana P. Astafurova

Under the impact of global climatic factors and local influence on ecosystems there is a deterioration of common ecological conditions of the biosphere, disturbance of natural circulation and carbon balance and vegetation changing. In connection with this, investigations of adaptation of plant’s organisms to environmental changes acquirea great significance. Mire ecosystems perform a complex of important ecological functions in the biosphere. The main components of mire are plants producing biomass, which plays a big role in carbon circulation in the biosphere. Among different ecologicalfactors influencing mire plants, a leading factor under the conditions of abundant congested moistening is oxygen deficiency. Under the conditions of oxygen deficiency, metabolic modes of adaptation of plants are connected, first of all, with process of respiration, which is explained by the specificity of influence. Recompense rearrangements of respiration metabolism reflect, considerably, the use of evolutionary formed glycolysis systems, which transforms into alcohol fermentation, and a pentaphosphate way leading to an increased ATF production, intermediate substances for biological synthesis and biological rehabilitation. A sensitive index of plant physiological condition, which reflects intensity of photosynthesis and adaptive reconstruction of metabolism, is the quantity of photosynthetic pigments. The aim of this work is connected with a comparable investigation of a series of indexes, which characterize major vitally important physiological functions: photosynthesis, respiration and peculiarities of anti-oxygenating system of Scot’s pine Pinus sylvestris L. (fam. Pinaceae) in natural ecosystems of mire and pine forest in Tomsk and Bakchar districts of Tomsk oblast. The studied objects grew in natural pine forest biocenosis near villages Pobeda, Bolshoe Protopopovo and Timiryazevo (control): experimental sites were located on the territory of mire ecosystems of eutrophic type – Tagan and oligotrophic type – Polynyanka. Two- year old pine needles were used for investigation. The performed investigations showed that Scot’s pine, growing in different ecological conditions, differs by the level of photosynthetic pigments and by peculiarities of respiration exchange. Under the conditions of pine forest the content of photosynthetic pigments is considerably higher, compared with mire ecosystems. Among mire pines there is a lower content of chlorophyll “a” and “b” and carotenoids on oligotrophic bog, compared with euthrophic mire. In pine needles, processes of anaerobic transpiration exchange activate, which promotes a strategy of survival of plants. Different changes of the content of anti-oxidants in pine needles under the conditions of mire and forest ecosystems show specific peculiarities of pine reaction to long-time inundation of the assimilation mechanism of plants. Participation of substances with anti-oxidant features (catalase, ascorbic acid and carotenoids) creates a strong anti-oxidant pool of substances in above-ground organs of plants; supports correlative connections between the root system and photosynthetic organs, which are necessary for survival of plants under the conditions of oxygen deficiency for the root system.

127-136

Authors: Sergey G. Hablak

An important environmental factor that regulates most of the processes of the growth and development of the plants A. thaliana is light. At the same time, the role of light during the formation of roots in the root hairs of plants are still not fully determined. To date, molecular genetic and physiological studies of mutant plants of A. thaliana allowed isolation and sequencing of a number of genes involved in the perception and transmission of the light signal. These include genes RHD3, RHD4, RHD6, SHV3, BST1, PHYA, PHYB, SRS1, GL2, RHL1, RHL2, RHL3, TTG1, WER1 and COW1. The aim of this work was to study the effect of mutant alleles rhd3-1, rhd4-1, rhd6 -1, shv3-1, bst1-1 phyA, phyB, cpc-1, gl-2, rhl1-1, rhl2-1, rhl3-1, ttg-1, wer-1, cow1-1 gene RHD3, RHD4 , RHD6, SHV3, BST1, PHYA, PHYB, SRS1, GL2, RHL1, RHL2, RHL3, TTG1, WER1, COW1 on the structure of root hairs. Plants were grown in aseptic test-tube culture on agar medium Knop, rich in trace elements. When conducting observations of the plants, conventional techniques of vegetation and comparative morphological studies were taken into consideration. The studies found that mutations in the genes of the perception and transmission of the light signal caused changing the morphology of the roots of the hair epiblemy. In plants of all the analyzed mutant lines, roots are very different from the original race Col-0 according to a number of different features: the form of root hairs, their length, the number and degree of branching. The length and number of hairs in plant epiblemy of these mutant strains vary widely. The diameter of the root hairs of plants of the studied mutant lines change less than their length and quantity. Three lines (rhd3-1, rhd4-1 and cow1-1) revealed a change in the parameters of the diameter of the hair epiblemy. Mutant lines rhd3-1 and rhd4-1 differ from wild-type Col-0 cells form root skin outgrowths. The plants of line rhd3-1 form wavy hair epiblemy on the roots, and the plants of line rhd4-1 – bulging with constrictions along the length of root hairs. Mutant strains bst1-1 and cow1-1 are characterized by branched hairs epiblemy. It is shown that the light controls the parameters of the formation of root hairs together with the regulation of many processes of plant growth and development.

152-161

Authors: Olga N. Papina Raisa O. Sobchak, Tatyana P. Astaphurova

Changes of the water regime (the quantities of free and bound water and the concentration of the cellular fluid) and those of the integument of four species of conifers of the family Pinaceae Lindl. (Archangel fir – Pinus sylvestris L., Siberian cedar – Pinus sibirica L., Siberian spruce – Picea obovata Ledeb., Siberian fir – Abies sibirica Ledeb) in the polluted areas of the town of Gorno-Altaisk (Republic Altai) were shown. Partial decomposition of the elements of the integument of the needles was found. Thus, toxic substances may affect the thickness of the cuticle, either making it decrease (as is the case with Siberian cedar and the fir), or increase (the spruce), or it remains as thick as that of the control set (Archangel fir). The cuticle of the fir is thinner by 1.12 μm, the other parameters differing very little from those of the control set. The cuticle of the fir increases under urban conditions 1.43 times. Both types of the pine demonstrate a greater variety of the structure parameters. It is worth noting that the thickening of the cuticle of the fir does not increase the protection from the toxins of the urban surrounding. Though the cuticle becomes thicker, it often becomes undulate, flexuous, parted, and even broken interrupted, which makes it easier for toxic agents to penetrate into the inner tissues of the needle. As it is known, the cuticle, while being a protective layer, is still quite penetrable for some substances, including gases and water. Changes of free and bound water ratios are found, i.e. those towards the increase of the proportions of more ordered forms, which, in its turn, results in the decrease in the runout under the influence of adverse factors of the surrounding. The concentration of the cellular fluid varies, depending on the season and the levels of pollution. All those changes are closely related to the resistant qualities of plants. The most resistant to the gas pollution of Gorno-Altaisk are the Siberian cedar (Pinus sibirica) and the Archangel fir (P. sylvestris), while the Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) and the Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) turn out to be the least resistant species.