This author describes the theory and methodology of computer geography. Step-by-step history of this theory and main areas of application of this methodology in geography and other fields are presented.
The article is connected with problems of desertification of the territory of Kazakhstan due to degradation of vegetation, as the vegetation is the only mechanism preventing the desertification in the Ile-Balkhash region. Black saxaul (Hal?xylon aphyllum (Minkw)) is a tree-shrub that naturally grows in the desert regions. Saxaul forests dynamics and factors affecting the desert ecosystems.
Authors describe the methodology of creation of 3D maps, prism maps and digitally animated 3d maps. Authors also describe application of these 3d models in areas of geography and different fields of economy.
The purpose of the present work was to study the opportunities of using characteristics of reflection and absorption of the intact leaves of plants in order to assess water status of plants by means of laser spectrophotometer with simultaneous registration of a leaf plate thickness. Investigations of the optical features of Nepeta cataria var. citriodora Beck. plants` leaves in the near infrared radiation (970nm) in the connection with the water regime changes have been carried out.
High correlation between optical features of the plant`s leaves and its water regime has been determined. To characterize the water regime in N. cataria the method based on the dependence of the leaves` optical features and leaf plate thickness on the water content has been used. Coefficient of absorption and leaf thickness changes in N. cataria has been determined. There is a linear dependence of absorption and high correlation of the leaves` parameters with the leaf plate thickness. Absorption of the near infrared radiation emanation (970 nm wave) depends not only on the leaf water content but also on its tissue structure peculiarities and pigments content.
There exists a basic opportunity to use methods of parallel control of optical characteristics of leaves in the near infrared radiation and water status of plants as an instrument for assessment of the ecological-physiological characteristics. Methods can also be used as an element of precise agricultural technology for the control of the water regime in sowings.
In this article authors describe methods of mathematical modeling of interrelations between the spatial structure of agricultural sector and components of nature.
In this article the problems of assessment of a vital state of Pinus sylvestris L. in a residential suburb of the settlement Kedrovy in Krasnoyarsk region are considered. Main morphological indicators of annual linear gain like the length of axial shoot’s increase, its diameter, quantity and length of needles were selected as key parameters. The change of axial shoot’s growth, its diameter, quantity and length of needles under the influence of oil products are noted.
Authors describe theoretical scientific and methodological matters of geoinformation modeling of natural resources of the Azerbaijan Republic. Authors also present aims of its application on example of geoinformation map models.
In this article the author considers natural cataclisms taking place in Baku. The author also pays attention to their reasons, possible prevention measures and consequences.
Environmental education in the environmental education concept is ecology-related knowledge and feelings. The process of environmental education is the basis of responsibility of young people in relation to the environment. Formation of environmental outlook of youth is possible through the use of various forms and methods of environmental education.
Development of the modern society and technology has now led to global changes in the environment. Geosystems are gradually transformed into techno-geo-systems. Under the influence of human activities irreversible changes take place in such systems. On the example of Starooskol-Gubkinsky mining site, we modeled the system «Nature-Society» taking into account various natural and social factors. This area is a prime example of technogenic human impact on the environment. In the course of simulation, we assumed the existence of the «equilibrium point» in relation to humans and the environment. And indeed it exists theoretically, but practical achievement of it within the selected area is impossible because of the indigenous technological changes.
The research is devoted to the analysis of processes of accumulation and distribution of long-living radioactive nuclides of strontium - 90 and cesium - 137 in the «water – bottom sediments» system of the ecosystem of the slowed down water exchange of Malye Kirpichiky.
The specificity of the mining object management is presented in the article. This specificity includes two components: natural-technical and economic-social. The author emphasizes that the main aim of management is the necessity to provide homeostatic state of the natural environment and the whole system on every step of management. The author makes a conclusion that elements of management, controllability and adaptation must be included into the mining technology. In existing practice however it doesn't take place.
Methodological principles of spectral and harmonic analysis of indexes of territorial entities within the framework of the organistic concept of management of social and economic systems development are investigated in the article.
On the basis of experimental studies performed by means of toxicogenetic method we revealed the influence of purified sewage from pulp-and-paper enterprises on the quality of water in reservoirs technologically connected with them.
It was demonstrated that according to the level of toxicogenetic activity, natural water in the zone of technogenic load is characterized by moderate toxicity and weak mutagenecity.
Authors consider the problem of irrational and inefficient use of natural resources. This leads to the large-scale pollution of all the components of the natural environment and to the destruction of ecosystems. Ecological management is offered as one of the generally accepted ways of solution of ecological problems on micro-level and on macro-level. Implementation of ecological management in Russia would allow achieving changes in the structure of production and consumption, in the field of use of modern technologies and efficient management on macro- and micro-economic level. And this is necessary for the steady development concept implementation.
The role of undergrowth and forest thinners of main species in the biodiversity preservation and restoration felled forest areas are considered in the report.
The results of researches have shown that in relation to the young (young forests) of Kazakh hills of natural and artificial origin during the first years after thinning a large amount of snow is accumulated in stands, soil moisture of the upper layers, light intensity under the canopy of plants and temperature of the upper layers of the soil are increased.
Larch is a valuable species for landscaping. It has a rapid rate of growing, beautiful appearance, original color of needles, resistance to harmful gases and good acclimation rate. Nine species of larch grow on the territories of the Far East of Russia. They were formed in different geological periods. They were able to conserve differences in ornamental and other peculiarities.
The brief biological-ecological characteristics of Phellodendron amurense –typical representative of the woods of the Far East and the only wild-growing cork-carrier of industrial value in Russia is provided in article. Medical properties of Phellodendron amurense and the state of cultures in the territory of Primorsky Krai are described.
Peculiarities of structure of the Peyer's patches of the small intestine of immature rats after cyclophosphamide injection are studied. The author revealed that at the 7th and 30th day the drug shows a clear immunosuppressive effect manifested in the reduction of linear indicators of patches, emergence of the bifurcated dome, sections of arterial hyperemia, aggregates of macrophages - in comparison with data on the controlled animals.
The authors present the results of studies of morphometric parameters of the diameter of main arteries, their directions and branching in the metatarsus zones of Akzhaik sheep of meat and wool breed. Knowledge of the location and the relative position of anatomical structures in the metatarsus, including major arteries allow incisions and dissection of necrotic processes. One should also take into account the anatomy of the main arteries in the process of working on the needle insertion points for intravascular injection of drugs in the metatarsus in terms of the foot rot of sheep.
The authors emphasize the fact that, in terms of violation of the vitamin-mineral metabolism pigs show deep destruction of bone and cartilage tissue. Therefore researches directed to the development of comprehensive pharma-correction with the use of bentonite clay are becoming especially important.
This article is related to the scientific problems of competitiveness of enterprises and the individual segments of the regional AIC. The article presents the main results of the economic analysis of the market of elevator services in the Tambov region in terms of the separate entity's competitiveness. The authors substantiate the hypothesis that the content of the structural changes, as well as structural modernization in general, are determined by the stage of the life cycle of a business or the industry in general.
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