Journal of Medical Science and Technology

1 - 2

Authors: Dr Umakant Valvekar

Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin that we typically get from the sun. We can obtain vitamin D sparingly from milk products or fortified orange juice but this does not add up to much. More significant amounts are found in beef liver or salmon (but only the wild caught variety). Unfortunately few of us are eating these things in quantity. People need varying degrees of vitamin D depending on where they live and their diets.

25 - 33

Authors: Putcha Uday kumar,Pinninti SanthoshSushma

Over the past several decades considerable investment has been made in the early detection of cancer. Anincreasing number of early cancers diagnosed as asymptomatic malignancies or in some instances even aspremalignant lesions, can be attributed to moreefficient screening programmes and changes in clinical practice.The definitive diagnosis of cancer has however relied on histological evaluation of tissues. An ideal tumor markerwould be a protein or protein fragment that can be easily detected in patient’s blood or urine, but not detected inhealthy person. Today the most common use of tumor biomarkers is for detection of early disease and recurrentdisease. In the future better tests that may predict tumor outcome in advance and predict the response of individualtumors to particular therapeutic drugs may be developed. In recent years, the discovery of cancer biomarkers hasbecome a major focus of cancer research. Biomarkers are also useful for diagnosis, monitoring, disease progression,predicting disease recurrence and therapeutic treatment efficacy. With the advent of new and improved genomicand proteomic technologies it is possible to develop biomarkers that are able to predict outcomes during cancermanagement and treatment. This review is focused on recent approaches and practices in cancer biomarker researchand currently existing invasive techniques.

51 - 68

Authors: Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Endometriosis is well known and understood to occur in females but not in the male.The aim of the study was toreview the literature on endometriosis in the male by searching various internet data sources. Fourteen cases ofendometriosis have been reported in men so far. Endometriosis in the male tends to arise in the remnant of theMüllerian duct. Majority of cases tend to ensue, treatment for adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland by meansoestrogens.The disease could develop in relation to chromosomal abnormalities that affect: (a) the Müllerianinhibitory substance (MIS) / MIS gene, (b) abnormalities of the secretion of Müllerian inhibitory substance, (c)dysgenesis of the gonads, (d) dysgenesis of the testes) that are associated with Müllerian duct abnormalities, (e)dysgenesis of the kidney that are associated with Müllerian duct abnormalities. The disease may present withhaematuria (prostate); lump in the inguinal region, voiding and or irritating lower urinary tract symptoms; loindiscomfort, a palpable lump in the testis or epididymis. Microscopic examination of endometriosis lesions of thetestis and Müllerian duct remnant areas would tend to show the ensuing characteristics:A true cyst which has beenlined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium that contains hemosiderin laden macrophages within the stroma,Haemorrhagic fluid tends to be seen in the lumens, Even though endometrial tissue may not be predominant orconspicuous, careful examination of the specimen would usually reveal presence of endometrial stroma; Onimmunohistochemistry studies the epithelium on staining for cytokeratins stain positively with: CK7, CK8, CK18,Oestrogen receptors (ER), Progesterone receptors (PR), Epithelial membrane antigen, Calretinin, Cytokeratin 5/6,The stromal cells,exhibit positive staining for:Oestrogen receptor (ER), PR,CD10. Calretinin (Some of the cells may be positive) Complete excision of endometriotic lesions in the male tend to lead to cure and no recurrence.Endometriosis is rare but can occur in the male patient therefore clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for the disease.

72 - 74

Authors: Moono Silitongo

Single coronary artery is one of the rare anomalies of the coronary circulation. In this case report there was only one coronary artery arising from the right aortic sinus. The single right coronary artery had normal course and distribution and terminated as the posterior interventricular artery after giving off the circumflex artery which in turn terminated as the anterior interventricular artery.

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Authors: T Venkata Krishnan1, T Arun2, K Sandeep3, M Jahnavi

The exact prevalence of cirrhosis is not known because the disease is often silent. Nearly 30% to 40% of cases are discovered at autopsy, indicating that in a substantial proportion of people, the disease goes undetected during life. Signs and symptoms: Organs commonly affected by haemochromatosis are the liver, heart, and endocrine glands. Haemochromatosis may present with the following clinical syndromes. Cirrhosis of the liver: Varies from zonal iron deposition] to fibrosis (cirrhosis). Diabetes due to selective iron deposition in pancreatic islet beta cells leading to functional failure and cell death. Cardiomyopathy, Arthritis (calcium pyrophosphate deposition in joints), Testicular failure; Slate grey discoloration of the skin, Joint pain and bone pain. Routine treatment in an otherwise-healthy person consists of regularly scheduled phlebotomies (bloodletting). When first diagnosed, the phlebotomies may be fairly frequent, perhaps as often as once a week, until iron levels can be brought to within normal range. The major etiology of liver cirrhosis in Indian remains HCV. Our survey revealed the prevalence of NASH-related LC in Japan and the frequency of HCC. Future changes in etiology must be considered in establishing preventive or educational strategies, as well as in developing new treatment strategies.

1-2

Authors: Dr S. Jothi Arunachalam

Responsibilities and humane attitude start with the dreaming about becoming a doctor. Most of the biology students want to become a doctor, which is regarded as noble profession. In this aspect I would like to share few things regarding the relationship of a medical student with their teacher (he is also being a medical professional). In the day to day life of a medical student i.e., academic career, clinical knowledge in diagnosing a disease, treating the sufferers, depends on the foundation laid by the teaching medical professional. And I feel this relationship of a medical student with his teacher should start very early i.e., from the day one of their career after entering into a medical college.

8 - 13

Authors: Dr. Umakant Valvekar1*, Dr. S.Viswanathan1

Prolactin secretion is controlled by hypothalamus which secretes prolactin inhibiting factor. Thyroid releasing factor (TRF), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) have positive effect on prolactin secretion and can lead to galactorrhoea. Hyperprolactinaemia causes anovulation, amenorrhea, galactorrhoea, and reduced fecundity. With this background, the present study was planned to find out the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia and hypothyroidism in women with infertility. Total 100 women patients of age range between 23 to 39 years were recruited for the study. Of the 100 women, 60 women were diagnosed as primary infertility and the remaining 40 were diagnosed as secondary infertility. Serum prolactin levels and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were measured in all women. Patients were categorized based on their serum prolactin levels and TSH levels to find out the prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism. The present study shows high prevalence of hyperprolactinemia and hypothyroidism in infertile women.

29 - 32

Authors: Dr S. Jothi Arunachalam

Internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis is an extremely rare vascular disease. It is usually secondary to intravenous drug abuse, prolonged central venous catheterization or deep head-neck infections or trauma. Associated malignancies are uncommon and not well documented in the etiology of IJV thrombosis. A 50-year-old female presented with complains of neck swelling on left side for past two weeks and with no ear or nose complaints. On examination of neck presented swelling along the anterior border of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle. An ultrasound scan of the neck neck revealed left IJV thrombosis. The patient was referred to vascular surgeon for further treatment.

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Authors: Malladi Ramakrishna1*, Putcha Udaykumar2, Pinninti Santosh Sushma 2

Oral cancer is the sixth most common neoplasm occurring globally with an incidence rate of 6, 40,000 cases diagnosed annually. 90% of the oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas. Although oral cancer has got multi-faceted etiology alcohol consumption and tobacco chewing are the major risk factors. These pre-disposing factors are leading to the wide range of genetic events leading to cancer progression. Despite, the significant advances in the understanding of etiopathogenesis and molecular basis of the disease as well as continuing improvement in the management strategies, OSCC prognosis remains dismal. It is widely recognized that novel, more effective approaches to diagnosis, prevention and treatment are urgently needed. The major etiological factors for oral cancer development are potentially preventable through discontinuation of hazardous habits and vaccination in case of viral infections. Primary prevention of the disease appears as a challenging goal. However possibilities for secondary prevention appear achievable i.e early detection and treatment at an early stage during the process of carcinogenesis. The ongoing of genetic and epigenetic events that govern oral carcinogenesis at the molecular level holds great promise for identifying novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic bio targets. Intensive research efforts have analyzed a large number of potential molecular biomarkers for the better assessment of the risk of OSCC development and progression. Further biomarkers may play a prominent role in guiding individualized oral cancer treatment, according to which selection of the most appropriate therapeutic intervention will be based on the knowledge of a given tumor susceptibility to a specific anticancer treatment.