Russian Journal of Astrophysical Research. Series A

3-8

Authors: Sergey V. Bronnikov

The article explores technologies for corporate management of spacecraft. It includes their ground training in flight control and the accumulation of control experience. The difference between corporate and collegial management is shown. Three types of corporate governance are described. Corporate spacecraft management is treated as an integrated technology that includes organizational, technological and cognitive components. This technology requires the use of space geoinformatics methods. Corporate management of spacecraft is organizational and technical. It introduces an additional management cycle: balancing or coordination of decisions. The cognitive factor is an important and necessary element of spacecraft control. Corporate management of spacecraft requires an additional management cycle – balancing. Another additional cycle of corporate governance is the management of spacecraft complementarity. These two additional cycles increase management time but are necessary components of corporate governance. Examples of corporate governance in land-based mobile objects are given. The connection between subsidiary management and corporate management of moving objects is shown. Socially sustainable corporate governance is described. The article describes the content and principles of corporate governance. A system model of corporate governance principles is given. The system components of corporate governance are described. Corporate spacecraft management is a new management and space technology. Spacecraft management can only be corporate, since this is the only way to reduce management complexity.

13-17

Authors: Stanislav A. Kudzh

The article explores the content of near-Earth outer space. The presence of zones that create the heterogeneity of space is shown. The morphology and semantics of near-Earth space is investigated. Different approaches to estimating the boundaries of near-Earth space are described. The concept of "geocentric space" is introduced as a spherical model and a generalization of the near-Earth space. Geocentric space has floating boundaries and may include lunar space. The systematics of geocentric space up to the orbit of the Moon is given. The systematics of outer space zones is made on the basis of their distance from the center and the surface of the Earth. Eleven zones have been identified. Some zones are physical in nature, other zones are anthropogenic. The article introduces the concept of morphological and semantic modeling in space research. Morphological modeling differs from the parametric morphological analysis introduced by Zwicke. Morphological modeling in space research is proposed as a kind of geometric modeling associated with conformal transformations. A special case of morphological modeling is shown as a kind of cartographic transformations. Semantic modeling in space research is proposed as a method of parametric transformations and analysis of the similarity of models in terms of content. A graphical scheme of the systematics of near-Earth outer space is given. The features of the zones that create heterogeneity are described. The upper zone from the center of the Earth indicates the area of lunar attraction. In the proposed model, lunar space is not included in the region of near-Earth space.

22-27

Authors: Vladimir V. Oznamets

The article explores space astronomy as a new scientific direction. Cosmic astronomy complements classical astronomy and is its development. Space astronomy can be considered as astronomy whose observation points are transferred from the earth's surface and near-Earth space into space onto space media. Space astronomy differs from classical astronomy not only in the transfer of observation points into outer space, but also in its methodological and organizational basis. Space astronomy, in addition to the basics of astronomy, uses new sciences as components: space geodesy, space geoinformatics, geodetic astronomy, spatial analysis, spatial logic, system analysis, computer science. The application of spatial logic is one of the features of space astronomy. The main means of observation in space astronomy is space monitoring, which uses the ideas of geoinformation monitoring. Space astronomy is a “situational” science. She not only observes, but also measures and forms management decisions. For example, the problem of selecting sites for landing spacecraft belongs to the field of space astronomy. The application of the information field model is an important difference in space astronomy. The information field is an integral model that unites different fields and allows for complex analysis and complex problem solving.

34-37

Authors: Viktor Ya. Tsvetkov

The article explores cosmic ergatic systems. The ergatic system is one of the types of complex systems that function with human participation. Not all such systems are ergatic. The system becomes ergatic with significant human involvement in its work. The article gives a definition of the ergatic system. The use of ergatic systems is a mandatory technology in space research. The article shows the difference between the human-machine system and the ergatic system in terms of parameters and areas of application. The term cosmic ergatic systems are introduced. Space ergatics systems are designed to control spacecraft and orbital stations. Space ergatic systems include control, navigation and prevention systems, in which humans play an important role. Three areas of application of space ergatic systems are shown. Structural diagrams of the human-machine system and the ergatic system are given. The features of ergatic space systems are described from the perspective of complex systems and from the perspective of system analysis. The article notes that many complex systems are not effective in complex situations. In these cases, it is necessary to use ergatic systems. The types and specialization of ergatic systems are shown. The ergatic cosmic system has the property of emergence. The emergence of such a system has different components: intellectual, cognitive, resource and others. This is the fundamental difference between cosmic ergatic systems and other complex systems. Comparing complex systems with ergatic or human-machine systems is possible only on the basis of the real situation and the tasks facing the system. The article shows that space ergatic systems can be considered as a type of heuristic and intelligent systems.