International Journal of General Engineering and Technology

1-12

Authors: KHALIL I. AL-SAMARRAI, SALEH A. SADEG & ABDULLAH SASSI

Energy is defined as the primary and most universal measure of all kinds of work by nature and human beings. Today, every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources. We can categorize these sources as primary and secondary, commercial and non commercial, renewable and non-renewable, conventional and non-conventional. This work concentrates on the use of conventional and non-conventional type of energy and their impact on society in Libya. The policies used in investing energy in Libya were reviewed in order to illustrate the major problems (challenges) facing these polices, specifically in connection with water demands. This approach underlain the national policies of Libya in the field of energy and water interrelation. The nexus of water with energy, demonstrated in this work through the suggested policies viewed to integrate the two analysis, energy types for the sake of keeping resources sustainable in Libya.

1-16

Authors: CHETAN DARSHAN1, PAPRINDER SINGH2, SANJEEV SAINI3 & RAJAT GOSWAMI4

C45 steel is considered under the category of the most difficult to cut materials because of hardness (45-55 HRC). Based on the size effect, the low machine's ability may be improved by surface texturing on the rock faces of the uncoated carbide (WC) inserts, using Femto second laser. Dry and Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) cutting experiments were performed with these plain inserts and textured inserts under condition of cutting speed = 80 m/min and 120 m/min, depth of cut = 0.5 mm and feed rate = 0.16 mm/rev. These experiments were performed on different machining time. The comparative evaluation is in terms of cutting forces, roughness, tool wear (flank) and tool tip temperature. Results obtained reveal that average of output parameters is minimum in textured of inserts with MQL condition, as compared to without textured and dry condition

25-36

Authors: DIPSHA SHAH

The air pollution in Indian cities is increasing at an alarming rate. Amongst the world’s 10, most air polluted cities, 6 are from India [1].The air consists of various pollutants like SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, Ozone, CO etc. But PM2.5 is the most dangerous, adversely affecting human health. Air pollution is the 5th highest cause of deaths in India [2]. The study intends to find the particulate matter (PM) concentration levels (PM10 and PM2.5), in Ahmedabad city. 32 areas including commercial, residential, industrial, sensitive etc., across the city, were selected to measure PM10 and PM2.5 concentration, in the month of December 2013.The study found that, almost 44% of these areas had PM10 levels exceeding the permissible limits and 30% of them exceeded the permissible levels for PM2.5, most of them located in the central part of the city. Moreover, certain areas had highly critical PM levels.

43-62

Authors: SAMAR M. MAQLAN

The apparel industry is one of the industries that need to be developed in order to keep abreast of the continuing global developments, in the fashion lines and the types of fabrics used to provide a garment product that satisfies the taste of the consumer. There are a number of specialized programs, for drawing flat models that facilitate the drawing of pattern, including the program AutoCAD, which is known as a computer design program for 2D and 3D designs, issued by the American company Autodesk, and is used in any areas of engineering design, architecture, mechanical engineering and interior design. The research aims to identify the problems faced by students in the flat base pattern, prepare of a simple textbook for the steps of flat base patron and implement of models ready for the basic flat surface of Saudi women. The sample of the research consisted of students of level I and II of Fashion Design Department, where the number of (40) students. The results of the research confirmed that, the effectiveness of the educational book to explain the steps of the basic flat patron, there are statistically significant differences between the average grades of students in the tribal and remote application of the educational book to draw the basic flat platform for the benefit of the post-application.

1 - 6

Authors: ANAND

This article presents an overview of the Android OS, covering a detailed discussion on its architecture and framework. The author has compiled a detailed description of the Android to facilitate a broader understanding of its various features and its internal composition. The significant reach of the Android in the various computing devices and its enhanced usage by a variety of people, professional and hobbyists presents a need for a holistic description of its environment for the end users. Hence the article presents a wide ranging discussion on the architecture, framework and the development environment of the Android.

29-40

Authors: M. Sriraghavendra & Prateek Jain

Cloud Computing is one of the main advancements that offer a promising future. One of the fundamental tools which are making the Cloud a reality is virtualization. Cloud computing provides various types of services such as Software as a service, PaaS, IaaS etc. PaaS vendors confront challenges in proficiently furnishing services with the huge growth of their offerings and hosting the distributed Applications. Hypervisor based virtualization comes with higher resource and operational overhead due to an extra level of abstraction. Virtual machine gives high service downtime when the application is updated to the new version. Containers have a favorable position over virtual machines because of performance enhancements and reduced start up time. Containers are particularly strong in managing PaaS clouds, such as application building, shipping and orchestration. Lightweight containers being the recent trends in the cloud scenario are also evolving as an important stage in PaaS service with the rise of Docker. In this paper, we have presented the performance overheads and application performance comparison among traditional hypervisor and container based virtualization.

47-54

Authors: RINI MAHAJAN & DHEERENDRA SINGH

Cloud computing is pervasive nowadays. It has brought tremendous advancement in the world of internet. Although Cloud is very advantageous, it has introduced many security concerns. Many researchers have worked on cloud security; research is still going on, because we don’t have any fool proof solution for it. Security is not required only on one level rather on all the levels, e.g. IAAS, PAAS & SAAS. Privacy of data & security of data in cloud environments is ensured through various methods such as authentication, encryption, data protection & access control, identity management, etc. This paper covers all the steps of maintaining security in cloud in detail to make the cloud environment robust.

1-12

Authors: F.H.C.A. Silva & D.A.N. Dharmasena

Precise measurement of volume, true density and specific gravity of small grains and food particles is a challenging task in the laboratories without sophisticated equipment. Therefore, a low-cost gas pycnometer was designed and evaluated for true volume measurement of solid particles as an alternative for expensive air comparison pycnometers. The theoretical principle is based on the Boyle’s law of volume pressure relationship. The instrument was designed with three main components: a sample cup, two 20 mm diameter liner pneumatic cylinders and a differential pressure gauge. Two identical pneumatic cylinders were used to convert the liner displacement of the piston to the proportional volume change in both cylinders. The reading accuracy of displacement was increased by using a 0.01 mm dial indicator gauge. As the reading of the instrument is the liner motion of the piston shaft, the volume is calculated using an equation developed through calibration using some known volumes. In the calibration process, seven known volumes were used with three replications. The co-efficient of determination value for the calibration data set was 0.86. Two known volumes of 4.49 cm3 and 17.21 cm3 were used to evaluate the optimum volume to be measured and the standard deviations (SD) of linear measurements were calculated as 0.2658 cm and 0.2163 cm, respectively. Volume errors were calculated based on the SD values and the error percentages were calculated as 3.7% and 0.78% for 4.49 and 17.21 cm3 objects, respectively. Results revealed that the percentage error for the larger volume object was less than 1%. The accuracy of the instrument can be enhanced further using gases like helium or argon which, are more closed to ideal gases. Temperature influence on the reading has to be minimized by conducting the test in a temperature controlled chamber. Unlike commercially available instruments this can be fabricated at very low-cost using readily available components in the local market. The device is portable and no need of external power supply for the operation.

1-8

Authors: EHSANUL KABIR, HOSSEIN EMADI & MOHAMED Y. SOLIMAN

The minimum stem travel required to fully open an unbalanced, single-element Gas Lift Valve (GLV) is an important parameter in GLV performance calculations. The value of this parameter dictates whether the valve is fully or partially opened, thus determining the amount of gas passage through the GLV. The geometries of the ball and the seat are the main factors affecting this parameter. There exists only one equation in literature to readily calculate this minimum stem travel required for a fully open GLV. However, the derivation of this equation is based on only one position of the ball which might not be the case for different ball and seat geometries. Also, this equation allows to calculate the minimum stem travel for sharp-edge seats only. Recently, detailed theoretical calculations were made and experiments were run based on modified seat designs (beveled seats) (Elldakli, Soliman, Shahri, Winkler, & Gamadi, 2014) which showed a significant performance improvement compared to sharp-edge seats. As minimum stem travel depends on seat geometries, the existing equation cannot be applied for the beveled seats. In this paper, a set of new equations have been presented to calculate minimum stem travel for fully open GLV for any ball positions, and ball and seat geometry. In addition to the equation for sharp-edge seats, another equation has been derived for beveled seat based on average port area. This set of new equations is expected to make the relevant calculations more precise and correct.