Environment&Health (Dovkillia ta zdorovia)

4-11

Authors: СТАДНИК Л.Л., НОСИК О.В.

Objective: We determined the collective effective and equivalent doses of the Ukrainian population and evaluated the radiation risks by the selected types of X-ray examinations. Materials and methods: The collective equivalent and effective doses of the population from the most widespread types of X-ray diagnostic examinations were calculated on the basis of the data of the national questionnaire of the research structure and the X-ray equipment park in Ukraine. The equivalent and effective doses of a “standard” patient at the X-ray exams were obtained from the results of the phantom modeling of the conditions of patient’s exposure and previous studies of the patients’ entrance surface doses. The absolute and relative radiation risks of the additional cancer cases in the Ukrainian population from X-ray diagnostic examinations were evaluated. Results and discussion: It has been established that during X-ray diagnostic studies on the old models of X-ray machines (analog systems), the effective doses of “standard” patients are 1.1–5.5 times higher than on modern devices with digital image receivers. This is due to the use of higher exposure values on analog devices. In recent years, there has been a tendency to decrease the absolute values of collective doses, which is associated with a decrease in the country's population and a partial replacement of analog devices with digital imaging systems. The main contribution to the total collective effective dose of the population of Ukraine from the X-ray diagnostic examinations is provided by film fluorography – from 53.9 % in 2011 to 40.0% – in 2017, while the contribution of digital fluorography is 2.8 – 6.7% in the years of observation. The absolute expected risk due to the most common and dose-forming types of X-ray diagnostic examinations in the projection radiology is 1485 cases per year, the film fluorography makes the main contribution – 697 cases, while digital fluorography – 117 cases. Conclusion: The population’s collective effective dose in Ukraine due to the most common examinations in projection X-ray diagnostics was 22.9 thousand man-Sv in 2017, whereas in 2011 – 37.5 thousand people. The absolute risk of the additional cancer cases due to the selected types of X-ray diagnostic examinations is 1485.6 cases per year, while the contribution of film fluorography is 47%. The contribution of X-ray examinations to the increase in cancer incidence (attributive risk) made up 1.47%. The largest contribution is made by film fluorography – 0.95 % due to mass screening of lung diseases. Due to the fact that the attributive risk of film fluorography exceeds the acceptable risk, urgent measures are required to remove the film fluorography from radiological practice.

18-23

Authors: СЕРГЕТА І. В., ТИМОЩУК О. В.

Objective:We carried out aprognostic evaluation of the features of the course of psychophysiological and mental adaptation of pupils and students of modern educational institutions in the context of the implementation of the complex assessment of the quality of life. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on the basis of modern educational institutions in Ivano-Frankivsk. We used hygienic, psychophysiological, psychodiagnostic, and medico-sociological methods of research. Results:During the analysis of intrasystem relationships among separate components of the leading features of the quality of life, it was found that among the young girls their largest number was typical for the scales of Bodily Pain (BP), Vitality (VT), Mental Health (MH), General Health (GH) and Role-Emotional (RE), at the same time, the smallest number according to the scales of Role-Physical (RP), Physical Functioning (PF) and, especially, Social Functioning (SF); among the young boys the largest number of the components was typical for the indicators of the scales of Physical Functioning (PF), Mental Health (MH), Vitality (VT), Bodily Pain (BP), at the same time, was the smallest for the indicators of the scales of General Health (GH), Social Functioning (SF), Role-Physical (RP) and, especially, Role-Emotional (RE).While determining the intersystem relationships between the components of quality of life and the indicators of psychophysiological functions and personality traits, it was found that the closest connection was observed among the indicators of quality of life according to the scales of General Health (GH), Physical Functioning (PF), Social Functioning (SF), Mental Health (MH) by such characteristics of psychophysiological adaptation as a speed of simple and differentiated visual-motor response, mobility and balance of nervous processes, critical frequency of fusion of light blinks, coordination of movements, such characteristics of mental adaptation as neuroticism, situational and personal anxiety, asthenic and depressive states, level of subjective control. Conclusions: In the course of the research the prognostic evaluation of the features of the course of psychophysiological and mental adaptation of pupils and students of modern educational institutions in the context of the implementation of complex assessment of quality of life was made, and the features of intrasystem and intersystem connections between the individual components of quality of life and the indicators of psychophysiological functions and personality traits of the young boys and girls were determined.

30-37

Authors: МАКАРОВ С. Ю., СЕРГЕТА І. В., СЕРЕБРЕННІКОВА О. А.

Objective: We substantiated the psychophysiological criteria for the diagnosis and psychohygienic correction of the educational stress in the students of modern higher medical educational institutions. Materials and methods: Scientific study was carried out on the basis of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsia where 227 students aged 17 - 22 years were monitored. For an adequate implementation of the goal, a clearly structured set of highly informative psychophysiological and psychodiagnostic methods was used, as well as expert assessment method and method of statistical analysis. Results: The data obtained as a part of the performed study clearly confirm the fact that a number of psychophysiological criteria for diagnosis and psychohygienic correction of the adaptive possibility of the organism of the students of modern higher medical educational institutions under conditions of the educational stress should include: determination, taking into account, and assessment of the nature of the changes in the leading psychophysiological functions of the organism of the students of higher medical educational institutions in the dynamics of the academic year under conditions of constant educational stress; taking into account the data of psychophysiological analysis of the regularities of the changes in the leading personality features among the students of higher medical educational institutions during the academic year under conditions of constant educational stress; establishment of the nature of the changes of the leading characteristics of the functional possibilities of the organism and the features of psychophysiological adaptation of the students under conditions of pre-examination and examination situational educational stress; taking into account the data of the prognostic assessment of the peculiarities in the processes of psychophysiological adaptation among the students during the academic year and changes in its separate physiologically and mentally substantiated correlates among young girls and boys and the use of the methodology for the complex assessment of the level of expression of educational stress in the students of higher medical educational institutions both during the period of study and in pre-examination and examination periods. Conclusions: The psychophysiological criteria for diagnosis and psychohygienic correction of the educational stress in the students of modern higher medical educational institutions were defined and substantiated as a part of the study.

44-51

Authors: ЄЛІЗАРОВА О.Т., ГОЗАК С.В., СТАНКЕВИЧ Т.В., ПАРАЦ А.М.

A search for the new methods for the assessment of the impact of a complex of internal and external factors on health in order to develop primary prevention tools is one of the topical tasks in the sphere of public health. Objective: We created a model of health risk for urban adolescents, engaged in sports/dance in the organized groups, based on the study of endo- and exogenous factors using Bayes theorem. Materials and methods: The model was developed taking into account anthropometric, behavioural, social, and demographic determinants identified in urban children aged 12-15 years in 2017 (n = 54) and 2018 (n = 60) with a help of information theory methods. Results: A model for the assessment of the health risk for urban adolescents, going in for sports, was developed on the basis of Bayes theorem. Negative factors, affecting adolescent health, are as follows: excess and insufficient body weight (p <0.05), the presence of chronic diseases (p <0.05), sleep less than 9 hours a day (p <0.05), age over 14.5 years (p <0, 05), children, going in for sports more and less 3-4 times a week (p <0.01) and with a duration less than 270 minutes a week for boys and 230 minutes a week for girls (p <0.05), low family income (p <0.05),absence of joined motor activity of parents with children (p <0.05), absence of motor activity in parents (p <0.05). Conclusions: A screening tool determines the risk of children’s health deterioration taking into account the anthropometric, behavioural, social, and demographic determinants with sensitivity of 92.9%, specificity of 85.7%, positive predictive value of 86.7%, negative predictive wave of 92.3 %. The test analytical accuracy is 89.3%.

57-60

Authors: ГУЩУК І.В.

The analysis of the data of the monitoring of harmful substances’ emissions in ambient air from the stationary sources over 2007-2017 has been carried out in the article. Objective: We assessed the dynamic changes in the ecological-and-hygienic condition of ambient air pollution in Rivne oblast by the monitoring observation data. Materials and methods: We used the laboratory data by the sanitary-and-chemical and radiological indicators of the statistical form F.18 "Report of environmental factors affecting the health status of the population" in the regions of the oblast over 2007-2017, the materials of the Main Department of Statistics in Rivne oblast, and the report on the environmental state in Rivne oblast. We systematized, processed, and analyzed research materials with the help of the descriptive, dynamic, and comparative methods. Results and discussion: During the study period, emissions of the harmful substances into the ambient air from the stationary sources in Rivne oblast decreased by 93.5%. The above is associated with a decline in the industrial production. A tendency of a decrease of the percentage of carbon monoxide from 28.3% in 2007 to 16.4% in 2017 (by 11.9%) and a tendency of an increase of the percentage of nitric oxide from 18.8% to 29.2% (by 10.4%) in the total amount of the emissions in 4 main pollutants (dust + sulfur dioxide + nitrogen dioxide + carbon monoxide) were determined. Conclusion: There is no proper state monitoring system for the condition of ambient air pollution in the settlements as a result of the liquidation of the state sanitary-and-epidemiological service.

64-66

Authors: СЛУЧИК І.Й.

The negative effects of the harmful environmental factors on spermatogenesis are well known. Therefore, the immediate task is a bioindication of the environmental contamination with the reproductive toxicants. Objective: The purpose of the work is to study the indicators of spermatogenesis in the lake frog in a zone of the influence of the emissions from the Burshtyn thermal power plant. Materials and methods: Urinal sperm was taken from the male frogs collected near the individual building of Burshtyn and the industrial site of Burshtyn thermal power plant by means of the injection of surfagonat at a dose of 1.2µg /g bw. Such parameters as a spermatozoa concentration in sperm sample; a total amount of actively mobile forms; a percentage of spermatozoa with progressive motion were determined by the calculation in Goriaiev’s camera. To determine the number of live spermatozoa, we used Bloom’s staining of seminal fluid smear. Results: Although the average body weight of amphibians from the studied areas did not significantly differ from the control one, however, the weight of the testes, as well as its relation to the body weight and the volume of ejaculate demonstrated a tendency to a decrease in proportion to the gradient of technogenic load. Near the individual building of the city and the industrial site of the Burshtyn TPP, the volume of ejaculate in males decreases by 31% and 36%, respectively, and in the sperm sample, the sperm concentration is significantly reduced by 2.4 and 3.3 times in comparison with the control values. The number of dead spermatozoa increases to 25.69% and 31.20%, respectively, and the number of live forms decreases. At the same time, males from polluted areas had more spermatozoa with pathological changes of the head, main and intermediate parts of the flagellum. Under conditions of technogenic contamination, the total number of active spermatozoa is significantly reduced to 67.12%, including spermatozoa with progressive movement to 47.30%. Thus, the impact of the emissions from the Burshtyn thermal power plant has a pronounced reprotoxic effect and is manifested by depressive changes in spermatogenesis. The reproductive system of the lake frog is sensitive to the environmental pollution. Spermogram parameters are the informative biomarkers and can be used for the bioindication of the state of technogenically transformed territories.