The flash points of three organic ternary mixtures were measured in the present work. The experimental data was obtained using the Pensky-Martens closed cup tester. The experimental data were compared with the values calculated by the Liaw’s model by the application of Raoult’s law. The prediction results can be applied for inherently safer design for chemical processes.
Gravimetric and electrochemical methods, XRF, TEM, XPS, AFM and AES analyses have been used to determine the influence of concentration (2-10 vol.%), pH (2÷6), temperature (20÷80°C) and agitation (0÷2000 rev min-1) of the solutions over the thickness, composition, structure and passivation characteristics of the phosphate coatings on low carbon steel surfaces.
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