The Journal of Community Health Management

2-9

Authors: Deeraj Kumar, Rajendra Pal Singh, AK Hooda, BS Deswal, KM Hassan.

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of death and claims 6 million lives every year worldwide. Etiology of stroke is extremely diverse in the young, risk factors differ considerably in young adults compared to those in older individuals. Lifestyle related risk factors play significant role in causation of stroke. The most frequent modifiable lifestyle related risk factors are smoking, physical inactivity, arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Prevention of stroke in the young assumes paramount importance as it increases number of quality-adjusted life years (QALY) much more in young than in elderly population. Objectives: To study the different lifestyle related risk factors in patients of stroke in age group 15-49 years. Materials and Methods: Patients of stroke between ages 15-49 years, who reported to Outpatient Neurology Services or admitted to a tertiary care service hospital, were evaluated for various potential lifestyle related risk factors which were analysed in detail using SPSS 15.0. Results: Out of total 144 cases studied alcohol consumption was found in 70 (48.6%) cases, smoking was present in 36 (25%) cases, while 50 (34.7%) cases were hypertensive, 10 (6.9%) cases were diabetic, 15 (10.4%) were obese and dyslipidemia was found in 56 (38.8%); multiple risk factors were found in 22 (15.3%) cases. Conclusion: Amongst lifestyle related problems alcohol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia followed by obesity were important risk factors for strokes in young. Unhealthy life style not only leads to increased chances of stroke, but also carries higher all cause mortality after stroke. The need of immediate vigorous primary and secondary preventive measures targeting the lifestyle modifications and risk factor among young population in developing countries in inevitable.

13-16

Authors: L. Kannan, Praveena P..

Introduction: Anemia is one of the major public health problems among adolescence age group. In modern society intake of locally available of junk foods is common among different age groups which can lead up to other non communicable disorders in adults. On the other hand there is lot of low socioeconomic population living in urban area and their children are studying in urban schools that are exposed to commonly available neighboring foods around the school premises. These children when they don’t have better performance in their academic career they become school dropouts and hunt for daily jobs for their survival. This study was done to find out the prevalence of clinical manifestation of anemia and associated factors among urban school children. Materials and Methods: a cross sectional study design done on urban school children in saligramam south Chennai from 2015-2017. Results: Prevalence of anemia was found to be 53.4% (95% CI 48.4-58.3). Males students were found to more 62.8% compared to female students 37.2%. In terms of grading of anemia mild 130(33.3%) moderate 64(16.4%) and severe 14(3.6%) respectively and remaining were found to be normal. In this study all student in the government schools were from low socio economic background. a higher prevalence of anemia among the students who had open air defecation, not wearing regular foot wares and not maintaining regular hand washing and who have a habit of taking regular food from the locally available shops and overweight individuals. On clinical examination of the study participants of 390 individuals 204(52.3) revealed pallor of conjunctiva, tongue and nail bed. Most of the children had 254 (65.1) individuals had either of the clinical manifestation of anemia. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of anemia has been found in this study among school children and their associated factors like open air defecation, regular frequent intake of outside foods and improper hand washing and underweight hence there should be periodic health examination and appropriate health education and health awareness has to sensitized to these individuals.

21-25

Authors: Vijaydeep Siddharth, Vivek Adhish, J. K. Dass.

Introduction: The surveillance of public health problem is an important task in public health. It is essential to include Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD) surveillance in Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) in order to know its impact. Aims: The present study was an attempt to examine the various aspects of existing surveillance system for vaccine preventable diseases and adverse event following immunization in Ghaziabad district of UP state in India. Materials and Methods: This study was descriptive and observational in nature, and was carried out in Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India for a period of four months from1st November 2008 to 28th February 2009. Dasna block in the district was selected through simple random sampling and all the Primary Health Centres and Sub-centres were studied. Results: Study findings revealed that surveillance data on VPDs and AEFI is obtained mainly through routine reporting. More than 50% children immunized by 70% ANM reported back with complication. Once a VPD case and death is reported the preventive, therapeutic, anti epidemic measures and health camps are organised. Conclusions: Sincere and sustained efforts are needed for implementation of surveillance programme for VPDs and AEFI as current picture is not very encouraging.

32-36

Authors: Lavanya K. M., Padmavati Majhi.

Register Introduction: Hospitals produce waste, which is increasing over the years in its amount and type. Hospital waste is a special category of waste which needs to be handled appropriately with precautions because in addition to the risk for patients and personnel who handle them, they also pose a threat to public health and environment. Objectives: To assess Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Biomedical waste management among staff of a tertiary care hospital, Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire with multiple choice questions type of answers to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Biomedical waste management was given to the 3 categories of hospital staff in selected high risk areas like operation theatre, laboratories, medical ward and surgical ward, casualty, outpatient departments. The staff included Nurses including O.T. Staff, Sanitary Staff and Laboratory Staff. The answers were analyzed using Percentagesand Chi-square test. Results: The knowledge was significantly better among the nurses while it was poor among the sanitary staff. Conclusions: It is important to improve the knowledge regarding Bio-medical waste among all levels of hospital staff because this forms the foundation for effective and proper Bio-Medical waste management.

41-48

Authors: VP Goswami, Shailesh Rai.

Register Introduction: Adolescent population is upcoming youth and they will take the responsibility of family in future. Especially the female of this group faces the problems related with early pregnancy due to lack of knowledge or poor knowledge regarding family planning methods. Objectives: To assess the awareness regarding family planning in adolescent age group. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on school students of adolescent age group with the help of Pre-designed, Pre-tested, Semi-structured questionnaire during the period between 01 April 2015 – 30 March 2016. Permission taken from school principal. Simple random sampling for selection of school and Adolescent boys and girls was adopted. A total of 1492 (970 boys and 522 girls) Adolescent boys and girls were included in the study. The collected data were analyzed with the help of various tools and techniques to draw meaningful inferences and conclusion. Results: About reasons for not marring before right age of marriage, responses increases with the age i.e. 63.9%, 77.2% and 88.1% in early, mid and late adolescent’s girls respectively c2 = 8.26, p-value < 0.001. Knowledge of contraception including emergency contraception out of 970 boys, 41.8% know about the contraception and 58.3% don’t’ have knowledge. Out of Total 522 girls, 25.3% had knowledge about contraceptive measures and 74.7% does not know. Opinion about abortion On comparing girls with boys percentage of students denying the abortion in case of unwanted pregnancy is almost same i.e. 48% in boys and 47.3% in Girls respectivelyc2 =23.98, p>0.001. Few numbers of girls were aware about the MTP and legal aspects of abortion as compare to boys i.e. 32.3% and 24.7% respectively. c2 =10.15, p<0.01. Conclusions: Awareness regarding pregnancy is more in girls in comparison to boys while knowledge about emergency contraception is more in boys awareness about right age of marriage is increase with age. It is necessary to give correct knowledge about family planning related matter at correct age to both girls as well as boys.