The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

1-10

Authors: Benson Muriuki Githaiga, Eliud Mugu Gathuru, Paul Njenga Waithaka, Mercy Maloba

Mangoes are an important source of vitamins all over the world. However, their production has been endangered by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes anthracnose of mangoes. This study was aimed at isolating the fungus from infected mangoes followed by testing the sensitivity of the fungus to essential oils from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary plant. Infected mango fruits were acquired from Njokerio Market near Egerton University. Fungal pathogens were isolated from the infected fruits using potato dextrose agar. Essential oils were extracted from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary plant using distillation method. Sensitivity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides to the extracted essential oils was carried out using agar well technique. The colonies of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides had dense whitish mycelium with black and orange color fruiting bodies. The spores were smooth, hyaline and sub cylindrical with round end spores. The conidia were cylindrical in shape, hyaline in colour and the size was 13.4 – 24 x 4.0 – 5.9µm. The appresoria were obovate to clavate in shape, brown in colour and 6.7 – 19.8 x 3.8 – 11.9µm in size.There was a relationship between heating time and yield of essential oils in rosemary (r=0.99) and leaves (r=0.99). Conversely, there was no significant difference in the percentage yield of essential oils from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary (P=0.057). There was no significant difference in the percentage composition of the different compounds in the essential oils extract from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary (F=0.48 P=0.62). The zone of inhibition of essential oils obtained from eucalyptus against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides varied from 19±3mm to 21±1mm, sage (18±1mm-19±2mm) and rosemary (17±1mm-19±1mm). The minimum inhibition of essential oils from eucalyptus leaves was120±0.01mg/ml, sage (241±0.00mg/ml) and rosemary (230±0.02mg/ml). The minimum fungicidal concentration of essential oils from eucalyptus was (120±0.01mg/ml), sage (241±0.00) and rosemary (230±0.02). The essential oils from eucalyptus, sage and rosemary have bioactive compounds that have antifungal properties againstColletotrichum gloeosporioides.

19-23

Authors: Khalid Salem Baayou, Mohammed Hussain Patel, Osama Al Okabi, Bashier Ali Alhanash

To evaluate the value of using trans- oral rigid endoscopic examination of nasopharynx after conventional curettage adenoidectomy for complete removal and prevention of recurrence. A Prospective study of 50 children with adenoid hypertrophy was done at Misurata Central Hospital. They presented clinically with symptoms of nasal obstruction, mouth breathing and snoring confirmed radiologically with plan x ray nasopharynx lateral view, of both sex ageing from 1.5 years to 15 years, with mean age of 6.9 years and S.D± 3.44, carried out in a period of 6months from January 2015 Patients were divided into two groups. Group A underwent conventional curettage adenoidectomy only, while group B underwent a conventional curettage adenoidectomy and at the end trans-oral endoscopic visualization of nasopharynx done, using 70 degree rigid endoscope to detect and subsequently to remove any residual adenoid tissue transorally by curettage. In group B, at the end of conventional curettage adenoidectomy, endoscopic examination of nasopharynx detected the remnant of adenoid tissue in 13 patients, 8 patients(61.54%) in roof, 2 patients(15.38%) at Eustachian tube opening, 2patients(15.38%) over posterior wall, and 1 patient(7.70%) posterior wall+ roof indicate that conventional curettage used alone failed to remove the adenoid tissue completely. There was a significant difference in rate of adenoid recurrence between both groups was statistically significant (P =0.04) (6months postoperatively).At the end of 6 months postoperatively 16 patients (64%) in group A and 23 patients (92%) in group B were symptoms free. Examination of nasopharynx of patients with persistence of symptoms of nasal obstruction, 9 patients (36%) in Group A showed the adenoid recurrence, 7patients (78%) in roof and 2 patients (22%) in posterior wall. While 2 patients (8%) in group B with persistence of symptoms of nasal obstruction did not revealed any recurrence of adenoid tissue but showed hypertrophied inferior turbinate. Conventional curettage adenoidectomy missed the residual adenoid tissue, Rigid endoscopic examination of nasopharynx is necessary after conventional adenoidectomy for detecting any residual adenoid tissue to remove subsequently thus reducing the recurrence.

27-36

Authors: Enenche, E. Daniel, Ogo, A. Ogo, Obochi, O. Godwin, Afolayan S. Sunday, Idoko O. Blessing

Natural and biosynthesized phytocompounds have gained significant attention in the food industry because of their non-controversial health and safety benefits as compared with chemically synthesized antioxidants. However, no natural biosynthesized phyto-compounds has been commercially available and used in routine food processing. This study evaluates the antioxidant property of Sidaacuta plant commonly used by many locals in storing cooking oils. The ethanolic leaf extract of this plant was evaluated for its antioxidant potential, total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents using standard procedures. The extract was added to groundnut oil at four different concentrations of 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 400 mg/L and 800 mg/L and stored over a six-month period, while chemical properties of oil including peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), acid value (AV) and iodine value (IV) were checked on a monthly basis. The results showed that the extract had significant antioxidant effect for DPPH radical scavenging activity (27.4800±0.0173 IC50 % inhibition), β-carotene linoleic antioxidant activity (29.7267±0.0251 IC50 % inhibition), ORAC (6.1067±0.0115 µ Mol TE/g) and FRAP (291.0367±0.0305 µ Mol Fe2+/L). Total phenolic content expressed in tannic acid equivalents was 27102.365±10.189 µg/ml, while total flavanoid content expressed in quercetine equivalents was 1024.783±5.569 µg/ml. The addition of the leaf extract to oils showed significant retardation of oxidation compared to samples without the extract. The findings reveal that the use of Sidaacuta as a natural antioxidant to prevent vegetable oils oxidation if properly harnessed can be a good alternative to synthetic antioxidants.

46-48

Authors: A.N. Zulfikorov, N.I. Khudoykulova, Sh.R. Davronova, B.S. Shakirov, D.B. Sultanova

The article analyzes the process of restoration of reproductive function during breastfeeding.

53-56

Authors: Derouicha Matmour, Elhachemi Medjadji, Mohammed Bousselham, Toumi Houari

Chlorobutanol is an active pharmaceutical ingredient used in therapeutic for many years as an antiseptic, analgesic and local anesthetic. It has other properties: hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-emetic. It’s used as conservative in some pharmaceutical preparations because it has antibacterial and antifungal properties. We synthesized this active pharmaceutical ingredient in Therapeutic laboratory of pharmacy department of Sidi Bel-Abbes by Referenced method based on the addition of chloroform with acetone under the influence of chemical catalyst (potassium hydroxide) using the distillation assembly. The second synthesis using the optimized method improves the yield of 20 %. The synthesized product was controlled according to the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia 8th edition: the organoleptic characteristics, solubility, colorimetric reactions and the degree of coloring were positive; its melting point is 78 °C; its water content is estimated to 4.66% and its purity is equal to 98.27%.

60-68

Authors: Abdel Karim, M., Mawahib, A., Salah, H.

Eucalyptus oil has been used traditionally for bronchitis and asthma. The oil which is plentiful in leaves has also been used against diabetes, cystitis, malaria, kidney disorders, leucorrhoea and laryngitis. The anticancer activity of this oil has been studied in vivo. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 42 components. Major constituents are : eucalyptol (21.24%), decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene - 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol (12.59 %), p-cymene (12.11 %), decahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl- 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-4-ol (11.64 %) and β-phellanderene (8.59%). The oil was evaluated for antibacterial activity via the agar diffusion bioassay against: Gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative: Esherichia coli using ampicilin and gentamycin as positive controls. At a concentration of 100mg/ml the oil showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

72-83

Authors: Yaprak Yıldız, HülyaAkgün, Hande Sipahi, İnci Deniz, Barkın Berk

A series of N1,N2-bis [(2-substitutedphenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compounds 1-10) and 3-nitro-N1, N2-bis [(2-substitutedphenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compounds 11-20) were synthesized. Their structures and purity were analyzed by IR, 1H-NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against the MCF7 and Hep3B cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that N1,N2-bis[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 5), 3-nitro-N1,N2-bis[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethyl]phthalamide (compound 15) and 3-nitro-N1,N2-bis[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 16) had the highest activity. The synthesized compounds were also screened for their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among the compounds, N, N’-bis[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 4), 3-Nitro-N,N’-bis[2-(2-chlorophenyl) ethyl]phthalamide (compound 12), 3-Nitro-N,N’-bis[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl] phthalamide (compound 14), and 3-Nitro-N,N’-bis[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]phthalamide (compound 15) exhibited good activity. The prediction of drug-likeness, molecular and ADME properties of the compounds were also examined during the study.

90-97

Authors: Emmanuel Enyi1, Peter M. Eze, Uchenna C. Ogwaluonye, Ezinne S. Iloh, Ogechukwu L. Nwankwo, Festus B. C. Okoye, Charles O. Esimone

This study was undertaken to investigate the biological properties of secondary metabolites of two endophytic fungi (code names: GA and GC) isolated from Psidium guajava leaves. Isolation of the endophytic fungi, fermentation and extraction of fungal secondary metabolites was carried out using standard procedures. The fungal extracts were screened for antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities using the agar well diffusion, DPPH and MTT assay methods respectively. Also, the extracts were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for the identification of the constituents. Result of the antimicrobial assay revealed that at 1 mg/mL, the crude extract of GA displayed broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all the test bacteria - E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis and S. typhi with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 5, 6, 5 and 4 mm respectively. Extract of GC showed antibacterial activity only against S. aureus, with IZD of 7 mm. In the DPPH antioxidant assay, GA and GC extracts at 100 µg/mL displayed average antioxidant activity with inhibitions of 56.7 and 55.2% respectively, which is comparable to the 63.7% inhibition recorded for the positive control ascorbic acid. At 10 µg/mL, GA and GC extracts showed poor cytotoxic activities against mouse lymphoma cells L5178Y, with inhibitions of 38.5 and 12.4% respectively. HPLC analysis of GA extract revealed the presence of citreoisocoumarinol, while acropyrone and citreoisocoumarin were detected in the extract of GC. The results of this study indicate that endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of P. guajava produced secondary metabolites that can play vital role in the development of drugs for effective treatment of diseases.

103-110

Authors: Alice Piperea-Șianu, Dan Piperea-Șianu, Alexandru G. Croitoru, Adela-Maria Ceau

Tobacco smoke contains a complex mixture of over 5000 toxic substances, of which at least 69 are carcinogenic, being also involved in other pathologies such as cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. The purpose of this review is to highlight the toxicological profile of some of the most harmful xenobiotics in tobacco smoke: NNK (tobacco-specific nitrosamine - Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone), benzo[a]pyrene and carbon monoxide.