The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

9-14

Authors: Muhamma D Bilal, Faiza Habib, Israr Ul Haq, Syed Abdur Rehman, Nasrullah, Barkat Ali Gola, Mughir Khan Lodi, Naveed Anwar Nodkani

The present study was planned to explore the productive performance including birth weight (BWT), lactation length or days in milk (DIM) and milk yield (MY) on imported Holstein Friesian kept under the local conditions at different locations in Baluchistan. Overall average values for BWT ranged from 15 to 68 kg with an average of 30.12 ± 0.15, DIM were 180 to 728 with an average of 313.56 ± 3.83 and MY ranged from 1471 to 7033 lit with an average of 3731.26 ± 40.52. The effect of year, season, age and location were studied and the results revealed that the year (P<0.01) and season of birth (P<0.05) and location of the farm (P<0.01) had significant effect on BWT, while age of the dam had non-significant effect on this trait. In case of DIM and MY, season of calving and location of farm had non-significant effect while the effect of year of calving (P<0.01) and age of the dam (P<0.01) had significant effect on MY but no significant effect on DIM. Overall performance of these imported and farm born Holsteins was much better as compared to the local breeds.

23-34

Authors: Muthuselvi C., Uma Maheswari P., Ravikumar B.

The single crystal of glycinium dihydrogen phosphate was grown at room temperature by the slow evaporation method. The well grown transparent crystal was subjected to the single crystal XRD study for confirmation. The powder XRD study shows crystalline nature and purity of the title crystal. The vibrational analysis of title crystal was accomplished through the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy techniques. The optical property and energy gap was analyzed by the UV-Visible spectroscopy study. The surface morphology and elemental analysis were done with the help of SEM with EDX analyzes. The antimicrobial activity of title crystal was tested against the four different micro-organisms by disc diffusion method.

46-55

Authors: C. Muthuselvi, A. Abirami, P. Poornalatha, A. Seethalakshmi

The sodium salicylate single crystal was harvested from the slow evaporation method at room temperature and it was subjected to the single crystal XRD study for confirmation which ensures that the grown crystal belongs to monoclinic structure with the space group of P21/m. The PXRD analysis shows crystalline nature of the title crystal and its peaks were indexed using INDX software. The various functional groups present in the crystal were analyzed by the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy techniques. The optical band gap was determined by the UV-Visible spectroscopy analyzes. The morphology and elemental composition study was carried out by SEM with EDX analyzes. The antimicrobial activity of title crystal was tested against the four different micro-organisms by disc diffusion method. This result reveals that the sodium salicylate crystal have no antibacterial effect at lower concentrations.

65-72

Authors: Hosny Abd El Fadil, Abdel Alim F A, Raslan Y A, Amany M Gad, Ahmady Y A

The liver is the most vulnerable organ against the side effects of xenobiotics. Aminoglycosides especially gentamicin are the widely used antibiotics against Gram negative bacteria. Cefotaxime is a broad spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic used mainly against Gram positive bacteria. Metronidazole is a chemotherapy used in treatment of protozoal and anaerobic bacterial infections. Combination therapy has complementary and synergistic mechanisms of action. The Present investigation focused on evaluating the effect of curcumin on hepatic alterations of gentamicin, cefotaxime, metronidazole, and their combinations. For this study, eighty eight male rats were classified into eleven groups. (First): Served as control, (Second): Curcumin (200mg/kg.b.wt.,p.o.), (Third): Gentamicin (80 mg/kg.b.wt., i.m), (Fourth): Cefotaxime (540 mg/kg.b.wt., i.m), (Fifth): Metronidazole (135 mg/ kg.b.wt., p.o.), (Sixth): Gentamicin with cefotaxime, (Seventh): Gentamicin with cefotaxime and metronidazole, (Eighth): Curcumin one hour prior gentamicin, (Ninth): Curcumin one hour prior cefotaxime, (Tenth): Curcumin one hour prior gentamicin and cefotaxime, (Eleventh): Curcumin one hour before gentamicin, cefotaxime and metronidazole for 14 successive days. Serum was prepared for measuring of Alkaline phosphate (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), liver was removed for homogenate measurements, histopathological & immunohisto-chemical examination. Administration of curcumin indicated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease of ALP, ALT, AST, malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor–alpha (TNF-α) and elevation in glutathione (GSH), catalase (Cat), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) of liver homogenate. Our data showed that curcumin could protect the liver alterations by blocking oxidative damages.

77-81

Authors: Leila Dehghani, Mansoureh Emadi, Mehrdad Modaresi

Olive leaves have antidepressant, antihypertensive, anti-diabetes, antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Current study was carried cut to compare the effects of olive leaves and alprazolam on stress reduction of mice with type 2 diabetes. Sixty mice in the weight range of 25 to 30 were divided into six groups: control, diabetes, alprazolam and 50, 100, and 200mg/kg of olive leaves’ extract. All groups except control were induced diabetes three days before the test by intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). After diagnosing the diabetes, groups were evaluated by plus evaluated maze. Open and closed arms entries and open and closed arms times were measured as anxiety indices. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS22 program. Olive leaves extract increased open arm time in 50 and 100mg/kg doses which indicates anxiety reduction. Also, movement activities of mice were significantly increased in these doses. According to results, olive extract in 50 and 100mg/kg doses can be a good replacement for alprazolam to reduce diabetic patients’anxiety.

88-92

Authors: Sajin Kattuvilakam Abbas, Preeja G. Pillai, Pavithra P. Iyer

Indicators are used to determine the equivalence point in acid – base titrations (neutralization titrations). They exhibit sharp color change with respect to change in pH. Popularly used indicators for neutralization titrations are synthetic chemicals. They are found to have hazardous effects in human body. The highly colored pigments obtained from plants are found to exhibit color changes with variation in pH. A study was done to check the indicator action of aqueous extract of flower pigments and compared with that of already existing synthetic indicators. Extraction was done using hot water and a definite volume of extract was added which gave accurate and reliable results for different types of neutralization titrations - strong base against strong acid, strong acid against a weak base, weak base against strong acid and weak acid against weak base. The work proved to be acceptable in introducing flower pigments as a suitable substitute to the synthetic indicators.

99-104

Authors: Ufuoma M. Oghenejoboh, Josiah N. Nkop

Parquetina nigrescens belonging to the Periplocaceae family is a plant reported to have diverse medicinal uses, this study was aimed at determining the chemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oils of the leaves and stems of the plant. The chemical composition of the essential oils determined using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method revealed a total of 9 compounds for the leaves and 14 compounds for the stems, with neophytadiene being the major constituent in the leaf oil while lanosterol acetate and α-amyrin acetate were the major constituents in the stem oil. The antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the oils were tested using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and brine shrimp lethalithy assay respectively. The essential oils displayed good antioxidant activity, their ability to scavenge free radicals was comparable to that of the standard antioxidant used. The essential oils all had lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) values less than 100 µg/mL indicating a moderate cytotoxic activity. The essential oils of Parquetina nigrescens could be exploited as potential therapeutic agents especially in cancer therapy because of their promising antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.

111-121

Authors: Chinenye Adaobi Igwegbe, Artur Marek Banach, Shahin Ahmadi

Water pollution due to discharge of dye containing effluents is one of the environmental problems of serious concern today. The main purpose of study is to investigate the efficiency of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) on the removal of Reactive blue 19(RB19) from its aqueous solution. The influence of various process parameters such as pH (3 – 11), dosage of MgO-NPs (0.3 – 2.3 g/L), contact time (20 – 150 min), and concentration of RB19 (50 – 200mg/L) was studied using batch adsorption technique. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. The maximum RB19 removal efficiency of 81% was reached at an optimum contact time of 60 min, pH 3, MgO NPs dosage of 1.5 g/L, and initial RB19 concentration. RB19 adsorption on MgO NPs was found to depend on the pseudo-second-order kinetic model which indicates a chemisorption process. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm model best described the removal of RB19 on MgO NPs. The adsorption process was found to be favourable since the intensity of adsorption, n (0.35) lies within 1 to 10. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity, qm of 7.9 mg/g was obtained. The RB14 adsorption was also found to endothermic in nature. The efficiency was decreased with an increase in temperature implying the process should be performed at a controlled temperature. Results obtained showed that the MgO-NPs could effectively remove RB19from the RB19 containing effluent.

129-134

Authors: Dibofori-Orji A. N., ThankGod P., Ali S. T.

Analysis of raw and roasted beef (suya), sold and consumed in Iwofe, Trans Amadi and Port Harcourt city were screened for the presence of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Column chromatography, packed with anhydrous Na2SO4 and silica gel were used for PAH extraction with dichloromethane as the eluting solvent. The identification and concentration of PAHs were carried out by gas chromatography GC/FID with the aid of 16 PAH standards. Appreciable mean amount of fluoranthene (4.2×10-3mg/kg) were found present in raw beef; while a mean of 1.2×10-2mg/kg of fluoranthene was detected in roasted beef (suya). In addition to these, other members of the PAH family were detected at varying amounts. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon has been related to roasting food with charcoal or wood and raw beef depending on the dietary origin and handling of the animal. In view of this, it is necessary to occasionally carry out analysis on roasted and raw beef to investigate the amount of PAHs present.

143-149

Authors: Akanksha Sharma, Harikesh Maurya

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is found in trihydrate form (SDDCT) as fine yellowish-white solid crystals. SDDCT is a chelating agent that primarily used in the analytical determination of copper, nickel and many other metals. It has been identified as metabolite of disulfiram, whose primary role is in the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning. The toxicity of SDDCT in rats was reported after i.p. administration of 1500mg/kg was as safe in experimental animal. SDDCT has tendency to inhibit the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in mice and also its effect over the organ distribution and excretion of cadmium. SDDCT induces the GSH oxidation process by increasing the concentration of oxyhemoglobin and also reported as excellent effect on neurotransmitters. Application of SDDCT as the spin trap in conjugation with Fe2+ to detect NO in brain, kidney, liver, and other tissues. Superoxide dismutase plays biological role as defense mechanism and get decrease in brain, liver and blood on administration of 1.5 g of DDCT/kg i.p. The effect of Tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTDS), Dimethyldithiocarbamate (DMDTC) was studies in male rat at a dose of 1g/kg as hepatic microsomal drug. Industrial or agricultural exposure of these compounds may impair hepatic metabolism and therefore enhance pharmacological activity of drug exposed individually.