The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal

9-15

Authors: Rabindranath Singha, Pranab Ghosh

Phytochemical investigation was carried with the crude toluene extract of the stem bark of Sapium baccatum. The isolated compounds were purified by column chromatography followed by crystallization. The structure of all compounds was established by chemical characterization and by the analysis of spectroscopic (IR, NMR and Mass) data and in some cases by comparison with authentic samples. Five compounds, namely 3, 3/ -di-o-methyl ellagic acid, taraxerone, 1-hexacosanol, taraxerol, baccatin along with a new compound 3 α-hydroxy-1 α, 2 α-epoxy lupan were identified.

23-26

Authors: Sh. N. Nurova, N. B. Nurov

The article deals with orthopedic treatment of older age. And also the treatment is analyzed in accordance with special ages.

34-39

Authors: Olufunke E. Ola-Davies, Samuel G. Olukole, Damilare O. Lanipekun

The main objective of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of Gallic acid (GA) in BPA-induced toxicities of the prostate gland of adult male Wistar rats.Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of ten animals each as follows: Group 1 (Control rats): 0.2 ml of corn oil; Group 2 (GA-treated rats): 20 mg/kg/day GA (dissolved in distilled water); Group 3 (BPA-treated rats): 10 mg/kg/day BPA suspended in 0.2 ml corn oil; Group 4 (BPA+GA-treated rats); BPA (10 mg/kg/day) with a concomitant GA (20 mg/kg/day). All treatments were orally administered for 14 days.BPA significantly increased (P<0.05) prostatic index and epithelial height of prostatic acini while inducing vascular congestion, hyperplasia of prostatic epithelium and atrophic tubules of the prostate gland. Concomitant treatment with GA ameliorated these alterations. BPA caused morphological alterations of the prostate gland of rats while concomitant treatment with GA ameliorated the alterations. Hence, low dose of GA serves a protective function against BPA-induced toxicity of the prostate gland of rats.

45-51

Authors: Francicarlos V. Cardosoa, Joacy B. de Limaa, Cícero W.B. Bezerraa, Savaş Kayab, Deyse de S. Dantasc, Robson F. de Farias

In the presente work the complexes Na3[Fe(CN)5(NC(CH2)nCN)] (n = 1 = malononitrile and n= 2 = succinonitrile) have been isolated and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, Uv-vis and FTIR spectroscopies. A metal to ligand charge-transfer transition was observed only for Na3[Fe(CN)5(NCCH2CN)] complexe (316 nm, 3,57x103 L mol-1cm-1). The succinonitrile complex of pentacyanoferrate(II) exhibits a band maximum at 370 nm, which was assigned to ligand field transition. The half wave potentials, E1/2, for [Fe(CN)5(C3H2N2)]3-/2-, [Fe(CN)5(C4H4N2)]3-/2- and [Fe(CN)5H2O]3-/2- were measured as 341, 350 and 126 ± 5 mV (vs ECS), respectively. That is, in comparison with Fe(CN)5H2O]-3, MN and SN, stabilize the Fe(II) ion by 215 and 224 mV, respectively.

62-71

Authors: Mama Sirou Amidou Ibrahima, Attakpa Sèlidji Eugène, Béhanzin Gbèssohélè Justin, Amoussa Abdou Madjid, Lagnika Latifou, Guinnin Félix, Akotègnon Rodrigue Yédomonhan Hounnankpon, Sezan Alphonse, Baba-Moussa Farid, Baba- Moussa Lamine

The main objective of this work is to make the phytochemical screening to evaluate the phenolic composition and anti-radical activity of various extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. that will explain his therapeutic effects. It will characterize the chemical groups, to identify the best solvent extraction of total polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins by testing and modifying the extraction solvents and evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts from Boerhaavia diffusa trapping method according to the free radical DPPH. Boerhavia diffusa Linn. a plant of the Beninese pharmacopoeia used in traditional medicine in Benin. In this work n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts were prepared from the stem leaves of Boerhavia diffusa Linn. The quantitative estimation of total phenols, tannins and flavonoids by the colorimetric method showed that the extracts are rich in these compounds. Evaluation of antioxidant power was performed using the method of DPPH free radical trapping.

84-91

Authors: Jorge E. Rodriguez-Chanfrau, Zalua Rodriguez-Riera

Chitosan is a derivative of chitin, a natural polymer present in the exoskeleton of crustaceans such as crabs and lobsters. This polymer is characterized by its high biodegradability, biocompatibility and mucoadhesivity, which is a raw material of interest for the pharmaceutical and food industry. However, its applications are limited by the insolubility at pH greater than 6. One of the most important derivatives of chitosan is N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan hydrochloride, a polymer obtained by a quaternization process of the amino groups present in chitosan. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of stirring rate and reaction time on the chitosan trimethylation process. A methylation process of the chitosan was performed, using as alkylating agent dimethyl sulfate and absolute ethanol as the precipitating agent. The influence of the speed of agitation and reaction time on this process was studied. It was found that the stirring rate influences the process. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work showed that with the use of dimethyl sulfate as an alkylating agent, applying a stirring speed of 300 rpm and a time of 2 h, it is possible to transform chitosan in N, N, N trimethylchitosan chloride.

100-109

Authors: Alemayehu Letebo Albejo

A comprehensive assessment study with the objectives of identifying and recording traditional medicinal plants and practices were carried out in Amaro Woreda, Alfachokebele, Southern Ethiopia in February – June, 2017. Purposive sampling method was used to select traditional medicinal practitioners of the study area. Information was gathered from traditional healers using integrated approach of plant collection, semi-structured and scheduled interview. A total of 25local elder informants were participated. Data was analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics. A sum of 15 medicinal plant species belonging to different genus and families were reported. The habits of the plants were20 % shrubs, 33.3% trees and 40% herbs and 6.7% climbers. Most frequently used plant part was leaves (60%) followed by roots (20%), stem (13%) and the remaining were barks (7%). Most common mode of plant remedial preparation, was in the form of decoction (61%) followed by crushing and grinding (22%) and others like concoction (6%) and chewing plant part (11%). Most of the plant remedies were prepared from fresh material of the plants and the most widely used route of administration was oral which accounted (73%) followed by topical (13.3%) and inhalation (13.3%) While, remedial preparation and knowledge of elder healer transfer vertically in family. The investigation also revealed the existence of traditional healing knowledge and secrecy of medicinal plant by the elder healer, had conserved a verities of medicinal plants. Traditional Healers still play a great role in the primary health care systems in region where the modern health facility is limited. Therefore, large number of valuable resources, practices and indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants can solve problems of shortage of drugs at rural areas as well as drug resistance in different diseases.

119-128

Authors: Iyama William Azuka, Uchendu Goodnesschinwe

This study was based on the determination of microbial and chemical evaluation of different parts of fresh and smoked Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). This was achieved by the study of the microflora of different parts of catfish and tilapia (head, flesh and tail) to determine the microbial diversity of these parts (tissues) and their potential hazards. The pH, moisture content and microbial counts of bacteria and fungi were determined (enumeration of coliforms staphylococci) using pH meters, weighing and plate count agar. Results show high moisture content on the heads of both fish types and the pH of the head samples were more neutral-alkali values of range 7.01-7.82. The highest bacterial count was on the heads and minimum of 2.3 x 103 Cfu/g and maximum of 9.6 x 105 Cfu/g. Similarly, the fungi count was more on the head but relatively lower than that of the bacteria counts. The minimum fungi count of 2.5 x 103 Cfu/g and maximum of 6.3 x 104 Cfu/g were recorded on the head. On the average, bacteria and fungi counts were least by the tails. The following organisms were identified, pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, staphylococcus, micrococcus, proteus, bacillus, seretia and citrobacter. Analysis was done using bar charts and line graphs to show trend and relationships.

136-143

Authors: Nwaokobia K, Idibie CA, Ogboru RO, Okolie PL

The extraction of oil from mango seeds was investigated using a Soxhlet Extractor. Mango seeds were collected, dried and grounded into powder. Hexane and ethanol were used to extract the oil at varying time of extraction of 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 hours, respectively. Result shows that yield is time dependent, as increase in time of extraction results into increase in yield where the least time of 4hrs yielded an average of 4.00 % and 8hrs yielded an average of 13.06 % for hexane. While the use of ethanol at 4hr and 8hrs only yielded 1.99 % and 8.22 %.Thus the use of hexane achieved the maximum yield (13.06 %) of oil extracted. The effects of time and extraction solvent on the yield of oil was investigated by using a 22 factorial design and, result shows that factor ‘A’ which is time, produces the greatest effect (7.665) in the yield of mango than factors ‘B’ (3.335) being solvent and ‘AB’(1.335) being interaction between solvent and time. The effect of the extraction solvent on the physicochemical properties was also investigated where the oil extracted with hexane was found to possess better overall quality than the ethanol extracts, acid value, saponification value, ester value, refractive index and specific gravity were 5.61mgKOH/gOil, 207 mgKOH/gOil, 201.39mgKOH/gOil, 1.443 and 0.909, respectively as against 30.30mgKOH/gOil, 205 mgKOH/gOil, 174.70mgKOH/gOil and 0.909, respectively of ethanol. The results didn’t only show that hexane gives a higher yield of oil than ethanol but also revealed that hexane is a much better solvent for the extraction of mango seed oil.

167-175

Authors: Tsygankova V.A., Andrusevich Ya.V., Shtompel O.I., Pilyo S.G., Kornienko A.M., Brovarets V.S.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important cereal crop cultivated in the most economically developed coutries. The elaboration of new effective growth regulators for intensification of seed germination stage and vegetative growth of wheat is an actual problem for modern agriculture. In our work the comparative analysis of regulating activity of low molecular weight heterocyclic compounds, derivatives of [1,3]oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine and N-sulfonyl substituted of 1,3-oxazole, and plant hormones auxins IAA (1H-Indol-3-ylacetic acid) and NAA (1-Naphthylacetic acid) on acceleration of vegetative stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Zimoyarka was conducted. The growth parameters of roots and shoots of the 20th-day-old wheat seedlings grown on the water solution of the chemical heterocyclic compounds used at the concentration 10-9M were similar or higher of the growth parameters of roots and shoots of the wheat seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) or water solution of auxins IAA and NAA used at the same concentration 10-9M. The obtained results confirmed the high auxin-like stimulating effect of derivatives of [1,3]oxazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine and N-sulfonyl substituted of 1,3-oxazole on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Zimoyarka during vegetative stage.

179-182

Authors: Ali Alidadi, Elham Taheri Boroujeni

Advanced Renal Failure or ESRD is one of the most serious and growing issues in the community necessitating the delivery of appropriate services to patients suffering from the disease. Carrying out medical interventions in the early stages of chronic renal failure can delay disease progression and reduce mortality. Results of the Literature review were exported to Endnote. Prior to the formal screening process, a calibration exercise was undertaken to pilot and refine the screening. Formal screening process of titles and abstracts were conducted by two researchers according to the eligibility criteria, and consensus method was used for solving controversies among the two researchers. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disease of kidney failure in a period of months to years. Renal failure refers to temporary or permanent kidney damage that results in the loss of normal kidney function. Reduced function of some nephrons causes hypertrophy of other remaining nephrons. The plasma flow in one nephron and the pressure inside the glomeruli increases due to the vasodilatation of the aphrodisiacs. Patients with CKD usually do not show symptoms until GFR decreases down to 15 ml / min. Uremia is a syndrome that affects each organ. Uremic syndrome is probably the result of a series of factors, including retention of molecules, major hormonal deficiencies and metabolic factors, more than the effect of a single uremic poison. Among these toxic compounds, urea can cause fatigue, nausea, vomiting and headache. The product of the decomposition of this material (cyanate) can lead to carbamylation of lipoproteins and peptides and adverse effects which, in turn, disturb several organs.

190-196

Authors: Mahya Bayat, Ahmad Riahi

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) and nano sized membrane bioreactor (NSMBR) are both promising technologies for wastewater treatment in pharmaceutical company, but both with limitations. In this study, a novel MFC–MBR integrated system, which combines the advantages of the individual systems, was proposed for simultaneous wastewater treatment and energy recovery. A new hybrid, air-bio cathode microbial fuel cell nano sized membrane bioreactor (MFC-MBR) system was developed to achieve simultaneous wastewater treatment and ultrafiltration to produce water for direct reclamation. The combined advantages of this system were achieved by using an electrically conductive ultrafiltration membrane as both the cathode and the membrane for wastewater filtration. In this study, an integrated MFC–MBR system was demonstrated to favor low-cost and efficient wastewater treatment and power generation. The nano sized membrane bioreactor (NSMBR) was used to guarantee the effluent quality and to provide a low-cost and effective bio-cathode for MFC, while the MFC promises an energy offset to the overall treatment process. An average current of 1.9 ± 0.4 mA was generated over a long period of about 40 days. The maximum power density reached 6.0Wm3. In addition, cost-effective materials were adopted for the system construction, suggesting a high economical attractiveness and practical applicability of this system. However, the nitrogen removal was limited due to the negative surface charge of the thin-film composite membrane and solution chemistry, which led to higher flux of ammonium toward the OMBR draw solution. This study reveals synergy between MFCs and OMBRs for sustainable wastewater treatment and energy production. This integrated system shows great promise for practical wastewater treatment application.

213-216

Authors: Maryam Nakhaee Moghadam, Mohadese Keykhanasab

Oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response can emerge at the same time, exacerbate the effect of the other, and cause irreversible damage. In addition to the fundamental role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, molecular evidence of high levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is also found. Searches were conducted by two independent researchers in international (PubMed, Web of science, Scopus and Google scholar) and national (SID, Magiran) databases for related studies from the inception of the databases to September 2017 (without time limitation) in English and Persian languages. To ensure literature saturation, the reference lists of included studies or relevant reviews identified through the search were scanned. The specific search strategies were created by a Health Sciences Librarian with expertise in systematic review search using the MESH terms and free terms according to the PRESS standard. The most important lesion of the pairs in preeclampsia is acute atherosclerosis of decidua arteries. This lesion is partly due to the abnormal alignment between the spiral arteries and the cytotrophoblast that causes insufficient ventilation. This can lead to inadequate blood supply, which causes oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth retardation, pairing, fetal distress, and ultimately fetal death.