Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal

7 - 16

Authors: Ahmad M. Tarek Jasser M.Jamil Al-hadethy

This research carried out in the laboratory of Technical Institute / Musayyib in 2011، has been tested six isolates local bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis on the first stage and the last of the larvae of a figs moth Ephestia cautela (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) reared on the artificial diets ، while treated control with water only. ، and took the percentage of mortality results after 2، 5، 8 days since results showed that the highest mortality rate of 96.6% on the eighth day in each of the isolates DE 1-8 and NA 2-1 and DE 2-3 when Concentration 1.2 × 106 spore /ml. While less kill ratio at treatment SL 4-1 in the concentration of 1.2 × 104 spore /ml، amounting to 23.3%. isolation DE 2-3 achieved the highest rate at 72.2% at the concentration 1.2 × 106 spore /ml. within eight days، while the lowest rate was 23.3% when isolation SL 4 -1 Concentration 1.2 × 104 spore /ml. The higher efficiency relative to Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria in the mortality of the last instar larvae of the insect fig moth Ephestia cautella rate has reached 34.7% in isolation DE 2-3 focus 1.2 × 106 after the fifth day، while less relative efficiency rate was 6.8% when SL 4-1 in isolation Focus 1.2 × 104 . The overlap between the concentration and the periods of isolation has achieved higher mortality in DE 2-3 at 46.8% at the concentration of 1.2 × 106 spore /ml after 5 days of treatment either at least it was 0.00% in isolation SL 4-1 at the concentration of 1.2 × 104 spore /ml after 2 days of treatment. As for the larvae that has not reached the stage of the pupae is observed that the lowest rate could not be reached 52.6 when isolation DE 2-3 focus 1.2 × 106 spore /ml . Which differed significantly from the treatment comparison، while the percentage larvae that could not is when isolation SL 4-1 in Focus 1.2 × 104 at 94%، which did not differ significantly from the treatment comparison، either adult that emerged from these pupae There was no significant effect on emergence percentage compared to the treatment of comparison where the lowest percentage rise of 88.8% when isolation AN 8-3 consecration 1.2 × 106 spore /ml while did not differ the rest of the other treatments for the of control mortality. The mortality efficiency was shown in the last larval instar compared to the first . Key words: Bacillus thuringiensis ، Ephestia cautella ، Biological Control . Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ) : 7– 16. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

44 - 54

Authors: K. M. Al-Azawi * A.A. Alarazah

A field experiment was carried out in one of Yousifia village fields – Baghdad Province to investigate the effect of dried sewage on accumulation of some trace elements in calcarious clay loam textured soil and their effect on the growth and yield of Lettuce plant using Complete Randomized Design (CRD) of triplicates. The experiment included two treatments ,the first one using mineral fertilizers and the second treatment is using mineral fertilizers with 40 ton.ha -1 of dried sewage sludge , mixed with soil to a depth of 30 cm. Mineral fertilizers were applied to all treatments in an average of 180, 220 and 80 kg.ha - 1 of Urea (46% N) , super phosphate (20% P) and Potassium sulphate (41% K) respectively. Lettuce were planted on 2/11/2012 and irrigated with a river water after consumption of 75% of available water. In 18/2/2013 the plants were harvested randomly from each replicate , fresh and dry weight measured . Soil and leaves samples from all treatments were taken for analysis. Results showed: Significant reduction in soil pH and significant increase in each of these parameters : Concentrations of some trace elements (Zn , Mn, Pb, Cd) extracted by DTPA , leaf content of N, P, K, Zn, Mn and Pb. Plant growth and yield, soil content of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd while there was no effect on available cadmium concentration in soil or leaf content. In general the concentrations of trace elements were lower in soil and plant and did not reach the critical or toxic levels therefore there are no pollution by these elements in soil and plant. The results indicated the possibility of using sewage sludge as a good organic fertilizers in Iraqi calcareous soils without any pollution or accumumilation by trace elements in soil and plant. Key words : Sewage , sludge , Accumilation of trace elements , pollution Calcarious soil . Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ):44- 54 . ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

63 - 71

Authors: A.M. Sultan* K.E. AL-allaaf** M.N. Abd-alqader

Field experiment was conducted to investigated the efficacy of tillage by chisel (Ch) or disk plow (Di) and herbicides by gramaxon (Gr.) or glyphosate (Gly) on controlling Cynodon dactylon at Hawiy location in the summer growth season 2012 in Nenavia province. The experiment was carried out as factorial experiment , the first factor was methods of weed control (plowing by Di or Ch one time ، Di or Ch two time with duration of 2 and 3 weeks، also Gr at 0.8 L/ha or Gly at 1.92 L/ha for one application ، Gr and Gly sprayed two times with duration 2 and 3 weeks after application. Weedy treatments with three time of taking plant samples were included. The second factor was the time of plant samples .The result showed that percentage of control was super pass in the time of plant samples. The percentage of control was 96.4% , 80.6% , 41.6% ,71.9% for treatments respectively . In general Di plowing was more effect on controlling C.dactylone than Gr. However Ch plowing in the second time of plant samples gave less effect on percentage of weed control (1.13%) with increasing number of plants (15.2 plant/m2 ),dry weight (317g/m2 )and moisture content in plants (473.2g/m2 ) if it compare with unwedded treatment . Key words: Cynodon dactylon , Herbicide , Chisel plow , Disc plow

87 - 101

Authors: Hadi A. M. Alsaidy* S. H. Sameer

This study was conducted in the Department of Plant Protection - College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad- Iraq, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of urea in degradation aflatoxin B1 in sunflower meal bio-available on broiler chickens type Fabro – CD. The Urea in concentration 5% caused the complete inhibition of the growth of fungus A. flavus and production of aflatoxin B1 and degradation it in sunflower meal. Results of bioassay proved that the presence of aflatoxin B1 at concentration 4.7 µg/g in sunflower meal in feed of chicken at one day age until 21 days caused significant reduction in chicken weight 12333, 286.67, and 360.0 gm and increased mortality 27% compared to the control treatment 186.67, 833.33 and 1066.67 gm and 0.0 respectively and weight of liver and spleen and gizzard 4.08, 0.19 and 8.96 gm/100gm compared to the control treatment 3.84,0.08and 6.53 gm/100gm and significant reduction in bursal fabricious weight and body weight 0.11 and 114.2 gm/100gm compared to the control treatment 0.16 and 270.4 gm/100 gm respectively. However , there was no significant difference in heart weight 0.90 compared to the control treatment 0.93.More ever , results showed that aflatoxin B1 caused significant reduction in blood characters , hemoglobin and number of red blood count RBC 5.29 gm/100gm and 1.81x10⁶ cell/ml³ measurement to the control treatment 8.78 gm/100gm and 2.39х10⁶ cell/ml³. However aflatoxin B1 achieved increase in number of white blood cell count WBC 22.96х10³ cell/ml³ and heterophills to lymphocytes ratio H : L was 0.47 measurement to the control treatment 19.48х10³ cell/ml³ and 0.24. Also , aflatoxin B1 changed the biochemical characteristics of blood , reduction in total protein , glucose and cholesterol 4.33, 1660.0 and 182.7 µg/100 ml and increased uric acid 9.67 gm/100ml compared to the control treatment 5.73, 176.7 and 192.7 µg/100 ml and 4.27 gm/100ml respectively with reduction of albumins (Pre-alb. , albumin , Post- alb.) 1.61,17.43and 16.43% and globulins ( α , β , and γ globulin ) 13.66, 7.64 and 19.57% and transferrine 8.26% compared to the control treatment 2.51, 24.88 and 20.73% and 15.26, 11.55 and 25.65% and 10.11% respectively. As well as reduce the effectiveness of the enzymes GOT, GPT and ALP 67.3, 4.5 and 25.4 IU/ml compared to the control treatment 104.3, 9.8 and 32.4 IU/ml. Aflatoxin B1 reduced significantly moister and protein of liver 70.32 and 15.66% compared to control 77.00 and 17.76% and increased lipid ratio 11.78% with no difference in ratio of carbohydrates and ash 1.03 and 1.21% compared to the control treatment 5.98, 1.04 and 1.22% respectively. The urea 5% showed a significant improvement in the all studied characters and reduce the negative effect of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chickens. Key words: Sunflower meal, Aflatoxin B1,Urea and Broiler chickens. part of thesis for first author . Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ):87-101. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

121 - 132

Authors: MAKKIYAH KADHIM ALAG

A field experiment was conducted at farm of Field Crops Dept., College of Agric., Univ. of Baghdad- Iraq, during the seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to study the effect of spraying (MS) nutrition solution and boron only or together during the important stages of the plant faba beans the growth, yield and quality. A split plot on in with R. C. B. D. distribution was three replicats. Levels of boron used 0,200, 400 mg.L-1 .they were assigned to the main plots. While the number of spraying in three intervals (spray the plants with water only) and the treatment of two spray times before flowering and at flowering 25% and the treatment three spray times before and at flowering 25% and flowering 50% were assigned as sub plots. The results showed a significant effect of the number of times spraying (MS) nutrition solution on plant height, biological yield, chlorophyll content, fertility rate, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed weight, seed yield, protein and carbohydrates content, except Width pod in both seasons. The treatment that was sprayed two time give the highest plant 52.82و 63.33cm, number of branches. plant -1 5.03و 9.00 branch plant, biological yield 10.77و 14.16 t.ha - 1 , chlorophyll content of 53.23 and 56.26 (Mu.gm.cm - 1 ) 2 number of pods per plant 6.06و 12.00 Pod ،seed weight 1312 و 1299mg, total seed yield 6.56 and 6.97t.ha - 1 , ratio of protein 26.26و 25.84% and carbohydrate 24.25و 25.01% for two seasons respectively. While the treatment that was sprayed three times gave the longest pods 18.19و 16.22cm ،fertility rate 8.12و 13.33%، number of seeds.Pod-1 .,4.57و 3.78 for two seasons respectively, harvest index 63.12% for the first season only. Significantly influenced levels of boron and interaction in most traits, except width Pod in both seasons. The results showed that the highest seed yield 7.37و 8.80 t.ha 1- of significant interaction between two sprays times of (MS) nutrition solution with concentration of 200 mg.L-1 of the boron during two seasons respectively. Key words: (MS) Nutrient solution ،Boron،Faba bean.، yield، quality. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ):121-132.( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

148 - 159

Authors: Abdul-Salam Gh. Al-Alwan Shakir H. Aday Dakhil R. Ndewi

A study was carried out on the compound subsoil plow with moldboard which designed at the department of Agricultural machines and equipment, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah by adding the mold board plow to the subsoil plow to operate co-ordinately within the compound subsoil plow. Two types of plows were used , subsoil plow alone after removal of moldboard plow with three singular treatments for tillage depths S30 , S40 and S50 and subsoil plow with six double treatments for tillage depths S30M20, S40M20, S40M30, S50M20, S50M30 and S50M40 into silty clay soil with two moisture levels. Soil moistures were (1) 18.01% and (2) 27.34%, to study the drag force that the plow requires and the area of disintegrated soil to evaluate the field performance. Results showed a significant increase in drag force which reached 44.29 and 71.07% for both plows respectively, when tillage depth increased from 30 to 50 cm. Soil moisture 2 was superior on 1 in drag force. The double combinations of compound subsoil plow (S30M20, S40M20, S40M30, S50M20, S50M30 and S50M40) surpassed the singular treatments (S30, S40 and S50) in the area of disintegrated soil for all tillage depth and both soil moistures. The area of integrated soil was higher with the lower soil moisture. To obtain better mechanical assembly for plow, the compound subsoil plow gave the best field performance with deeper tillage depths with soils of lower moisture contents. Key words: combined subsoil plow with moldboard, double treatments, drought force, disturbed area. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ):148-159. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

174 - 188

Authors: AZIZ M. A. Al-Shammary

Implemented a field experiment in the area of AL-Salam- Diyala province during the growing season in 2013 to study the effect of genotype and fertilizer liquid organic in growth and yield, and included workers; first cultivation of four genotypes of sweet peppers, imported recently to Iraq, E 41 Dutch origin of the company Enzazaden; Louay The source of the company imported Al-Reef AI-khadra Baghdad; Denver comes from Holland; Gedeon and originating from India, and the second Foliar nutrient and organic ensures acid of Humic concentration of 75 ml per 100 liters of water which is produced by Humin Tech German, and compost vegetable Alga cefo 3000 concentration of 300 g / 100 liters of a production company Sipho Italian, and treatment comparison (sprayed with distilled water only). Applied according to experience cutting system dissident Split plot in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and contained 12-treatment and three replications. Seedlings planted permanent place on 23 \ 3 \ 2013, and use a drip irrigation system. Seemed to spray fertilizer after two weeks of Agriculture and adopted at a rate of one workshop in every ten days to the end of the crop. The results showed marked by genotype Denver qualities along the germination and the number of branches and number of fruits and average fruit weight and yield / plant and total yield, while characterize genotype E41 qualities stem diameter and average fruit weight and percentage of total soluble solids and vitamin C, and characterize the genotype Louay qualities plant height and thickness of the leg. Excelled pepper plants treated manure Alga cefo 3000 qualities yield / plant and total yield and average fruit weight and the proportion of total dissolved solids and vitamin C, Panama characterized treatment plant fertilizer Humic length of the plant, number of branches and stem diameter and number of fruits. Key words : pepper, organic fertilization, foliar spraying, yield. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ):174-188. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

202 - 216

Authors: Othman Kalid Alwan AL-mfargy* Faisal Moafaq Mazher AL-mfargy

This study was conducted evaluation to the genetic parameters for seven genotypes of tomato.( Lycopersicun esculentum.Mill) are: (local, Polaris, SG112, Sumaya, Red Rock, Sun, Mercar) under the effect of three types of fertilizers are: (poultry manure, Alheiomk compounds, chemical fertilizers) in Diyala governorate during the 2012 spring planting season, according to Strip- Plot Design with three replications to study the genotype effect and types of fertilizer in the yield characters of quantitative and qualitative. and some genetic parameters . The results of the variance analysis showed significant differences between the mean for all varieties squares studied characters and the superiority of the product Mercar genotype plant gave the being of 4.788 kg / plant, and significant effect between the types of fertilizers for all characters except for firmness and total acidity. As the interaction between genotype and types of fertilizers no significant effect for all characters and yield highest per plant was 7.348 kg / plant when the interaction with poultry manure cultivar Mercar. The broad sense heritability was high for all characters except (TSS), which was medium. It also showed the genetic variation and phenotypic difference significant for all characters except (TSS) of the genetic variation, while the differences did not significant for environmental variation for all characters . The percentage of genetic improvement was expected for the high qualities of the average fruit weight and number of fruits and ratio of soluble solids TSS and the degree of firmness and the average for the rest of characters. It was not the genetic correlation between moral qualities while the link environmental and positive treatment effect between the number of fruits and yield of plant and better correlation phenotypic was negative and significant treatment effect between the number of fruits and average fruit weight . Al-mafargy&Al-mafargy Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 )202 – 216 ,2015    Key words: genetic variation, genetic improvement, heritability yield , fertilization, tomato Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 )202-216. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

230 - 242

Authors: A.H.A . AL-Wagga

A field experiment was carried out in Diyala province / Al-Muqdadiya district during growing season 2011-2012.The aim of present study was to control Imperata cylindrical L. grown in pomes grant orchard using glyphosate in two application methods, first by knapsack spryer in rate (1.8kg ai/ h) and the second use rope-wick wiper technique in different rate (1 L herbicide diluted with water from 1- 6 L ). The experiment was set out as factorial design in randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed superiority T2(1:1 )(herbicide: water ) in killing degree up 6.24 ,and T2(1: 1herbicide : water) and T3 (1:2 herbicide : water) gave less average in percentage of regrowth caused and go we 8.16,7.87 respectively Time periods 60 and 90 day after control high killing degree up 5.02 , 5.03 and reduce percentage of regrowth up to 6.45 ,6.68 respectively .Moreover the efficacy of glyphosate in weed continue until 360 day after application . as well caused significant effect in reducing height Imperata cylindrica L. the T5(1:4 herbicide : water ) gave less height 74.33cm. and T2,T4,T5 gave reduction in dry weight 127.00,125.67and 129.67 gm/m², respectively. T4 gave less dry weight of rhizomes 141.33 gm/m², and with wipe technique get good and satisfactory result specially T2(1:1 herbicide : water ) which gave 68.11 % control compared with T8 (1.8kg ai/ h)as application spray 49.62%. Key words: Imperata cylindrica L , Glyphosate ,Chemical control , Herbicides methods application . Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ):230-242. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en

255 - 266

Authors: Bassim Hussein Farhan Abdul -Amir Th . Salih

Implemented field experiment to grow the crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) class Ingath of the autumn season 2012 in the fields of the General Company for Horticulture and Forestry- Zaafaraniya / Ministry of Agriculture , south of Baghdad. In the soil of silty clay according to design were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications, which included major treatment proportions of moisture depletion as added irrigation water after depleting 50%, 70%, 90% of available water to plant, and included secondary plots the depth of the irrigated zone is D1 (0-30 cm) from the beginning of planting to the harvest and the second depth D2 (0-10 cm) from agriculture to the beginning of the vegetative growth stage, then increase depth of irrigated zone (0-20 cm) to the beginning of flowering, and (0-30 cm) to the end of physiological maturity. This experiment is designed to study the effect of the proportions of moisture depletion and the depth of irrigated zone on the plant growth of sorghum and estimate the water consumption of the crop under conditions of Iraq center . Calculated the amount of water added for each irrigate for compensate depletion moisture during the growing season, depending on measurements of the water content weighted method . Estimate the actual water consumption by measuring the water content of the soil after irrigation and before next irrigate on the length of the growing season. Calculate reference evapotranspiration By the Penman-Monteith modified equation . Calculate the crop coefficient (Kc) , the yield response factor (Ky) and field water use efficiency (WUEf) and crop water use efficiency (WUEc) . Has been studying factor of yield of the main results can be summarized that have been obtained, including the following: The highest grains yield (6428) kg.h-1 from at treatment of T1D1, and reached less yield grains (3622) kg.h-1 at treatment of T3D2. The treatment T1D1gave highest bio-yield reached 25.187 ton.h-1 and the T3D2 treatment gave the less bio-yield 11.578 ton.h-1 . Moisture depletion treatments , depth of the irrigated zone and the interaction between them didn't have a significant impact on (WUEc , WUEf) , treatment T2D2gave the highest value of WUEc , WUEf reached to (1.06, 1.09) kg of grain.m-3 respectively, while the treatment T3D2given lower value to WUEc , WUEf reached to (0.88, 0.92) kg of grain.m-3 , respectively . treatment T3 gave the highest value of yield response factor Ky reached (1.05 to 1.21) for D1 and D2, respectively. This means that these two treatments were more sensitive to the deficit of irrigation from the rest abc8976@yahoo.com Farhan & Salih Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ) 255–266,2015   of the other treatments that Ky values have ranged between (0.63 to 0.87). Key words : depletion moisture , Irrigated Zone Depth, water consumption Coefficient ,sorghum . , Water use efficiency , Yield Response, Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 7 ( 1 ): 255 – 266. ( 2015 ). ISRA impact factor 4.758. http://www.agriculmag.uodiyala.edu.iq http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=issueTOC&isId=4427&uiLanguage=en