Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

249 - 253

Authors: Engkus Kusnadi

High environmental temperatures may cause heat stress in poultry. This may increase water consumption, decrease feed consumption and in turn, decrease production level. This experiment was conducted to study the supplementation of vitamin C as anti heat-stress agent of broilers. In this research, were used 72 broilers 21 days old. The treatment are two kinds. The first, two poultry house temperatures (32 and 240C as warm temperature and cool temperature respectively) and second, four levels suplementation of vitamin C (0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm of ration as C0, C250, C500 and C750 respectively). Variables measured are feed consumption, body weigh gain, content of abdominal lipid and feed convertion. The data collected were analized with a split plot design in completelly random design and continued with the contrast-orthogonal test when significantly different The result indicated that vitamin C significantly (P<0.05) increased feed consumption and body weigh gain. The warm temperature significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed consumption and body weigh gain. Feed convertion of C250, C500 and C750 in warm temperature were significantly (P<0.05) lower than C0. The supplementation of 250 ppm vitamin C (C250) was most efective as anti heat-stress agent in broilers kept at warm temperature. Key Words: Vitamin C, Broiler, Heat-Stress

260 - 265

Authors: Dini Hardini, Tri Yuwanta, Zuprizal ., Supadmo

Egg containing long chain unsaturated fatty acids is a functional food, because it is highly nutritious and could prevent diseases, (omega 3 and 6) such as coronary heart attack. The research was aimed to measure the change of egg cholesterol content during proceesing: frying, oiless frying and boiling and their influence to the blood plasma cholesterol of normal and hypercholesterolemia rat. Seven treatments of egg yolk were frying at 170°C for 3 min (welldone = GM), and 1min (half medium fried = GSM) using deep fryer , oilless frying at 70°C for10 min (fried = TM), and 6 min (half fried = TSM) using Teflon pan, and boiling at 100°C for 10’ (boiled = RM) dan 4 min (half boiled = RSM) using pan provided with thermoregulator and a fresh omega egg as a control. The Completely randomized design was apllied for 4 weeks research period. The data from different treatments were analyzed by Orthogonal Contrast. Fifty 2 months old male rats Rattus norvegicus L. separated in 2 groups; normal and hypercholesterolemia (blood cholesterol > 200 mg dl-1). The rats were placed in individual cage, fed 15 g h-1 day-1 and water drinking ad libitum. The ration was composed of 90% basal commercial feed BR II and 10% egg yolk was given to each animal at 20% of live weight. Factorial 2 x 7 of completely randomized design was applied. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Processsing method of egg affected to cholesterol content of egg, The lowest and the highest cholesterol contents were observed in TSM (0.30 g/100g) and GM (0.37 g/100g), respectively. Biological test using Rattus norvegicus L rat showed that either fresh and processed long chain fatty acid egg decreased plasma cholesterol. The highest and the lowest decreases of cholesterol content were found in the group consumed RSM (8.64%) and GM (1.77%) for normal rat; and control (46.3%) followed by RSM (44.53%) and GM (24.86%), respectively. To maintain normal cholesterol and decrease cholesterol content of cholesterolemian, the omega egg should be consumed in fresh or half boiled egg. Key Words: Cholesterol, Omega-3, Omega-6, Rattus norvegicus L.

273 - 279

Authors: Simon P Ginting, Andi Tarigan

The study was aimed to evaluate several nutritional quality parameters (chemical composition, intake and digestibility) in goats of S. secundatum and B. humidicola known to be highly and moderately shade tolerant species. The species of Pennisetum purpureuphoides was used as a control diet. These forages were offered to 21 male Kacang goats with an average body weight of 15.2 kg. The animals were divided into three groups based on the body weight, and were randomly allocated to one of the three forages species in a Completely Randomized Design. During the adaptation period (14 days) and the intake monitoring period (5 days) after the adaptation period the forages were offered ad lib. During the feces and urine collection period (7 days) feed was offered at 90% of the maximum intake to minimize the intake fluctuation. The dry matter content of S. secundatum (332 g kg-1DM) and B. humidicola (321 g kg-1DM) were relatively higher than P. purpureuphoides (211 g kg-1DM), while the organic matter content were relatively equal among the three forages species. The crude protein content of S. secundatum (83 g kg-1DM) and B. humidicola (85 g kg-1DM) was almost identical, but were lower than that of P. purpureuphoides (111 83 g kg-1 DM) The NDF and ADF contents were relatively similar among the forage species. The dry matter (DM) intake of goats fed S. secundatum (588 g d-1) or fed B. humidicola (577 g d-1) did not differ (P>0.05), but it was higher (P>0.05) than dry matter intake of goats fed P. purpreuuphoides. The similar trend was shown when DM intake was expressed in the percentage of body weight (3.60%, 3.55% and 2.77% BW, respectively) or when expressed as gram per kg BW0.75 which were 35.5, 35.6 and 27.7 g/kg BW0.75 respectively. The digestion coefficient of DM and OM were not different (P>0.05) between S.secundatum and B. humidicola, but it was higher than that in P. purpureuphoides. The digestion coefficient of energy were not different among these forages. The N balances were positive (3,0–3,6 g d-1) in goats offered these forages. It is concluded that the nutritional qualities of S. secundatum and B. humidicola were comparable, and it is relatively higher that the P. purpureuphoides when offered to goats as the sole feed. Key Words: Nutritional Quality, Grass Species, Goats

287 - 294

Authors: Muhammad Rizal, Maman Surachman, Herdis ., Achmad Selamet Aku

Cauda epididymal spermatozoa could be used as an alternative source of gamete in the application of various reproductive technologies, because the spermatozoa is motile and has ability of fertilizing the oocyte. The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of addition of seminal plasma on the quality of ram cauda epididymal spermatozoa preserved at 3–5oC. Collected-spermatozoa was divided into five parts then centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 30 min and the supernatant was removed. One-fifth was diluted with Tris extender (Tris) and the remaining was added 0.5 ml ram seminal plasma then diluted with Tris extender (PS-Tris), 15% AndroMed + 85% distilled water (PS-AM15), 20% AndroMed + 80% distilled water (PS-AM20), and 25% AndroMed + 75% distilled water (PS-AM25), respectively. Quality of collected-spermatozoa including spermatozoa concentration (SC), percentages of motile spermatozoa (MS), live spermatozoa (LS), abnormal spermatozoa (AS), cytoplasmic droplet (CD), and intact plasma membrane (IPM) were evaluated. Percentages of MS, LS, and IPM of diluted-spermatozoa was evaluated every day during preserved at 3–5oC for three days. Results of this study showed that mean SC, MS, LS, AS, CD, and IPM of fresh spermatozoa were 11,660 million/ml, 65, 81, 7.6, 10.2, and 82.2%, respectively. Addition of seminal plasma in cauda epididymal spermatozoa prior to dilution could maintain the quality of spermatozoa during preserved at 3–5oC for three days. At day-4 of storage, percentages of MS, LS, and IPM for PS-Tris (43, 58, and 59.2%), PS-AM20 (40.5, 53.75, and 53.75%), and PS-AM25 (40, 54.8, and 55.2%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than Tris (21, 34.8, and 33.6%) and PS-AM15 (20, 40, and 42.2%). In conclusion, addition of seminal plasma in ram cauda epididymal spermatozoa prior to dilution with Tris or 20 and 25% AndroMed extenders could maintain the quality of spermatozoa during preserved at 3–5oC for three days, and could be used for artificial insemination or in vitro embryo production programs. Key Words: Cauda Epididymal Spermatozoa, Seminal Plasma, Tris, AndroMed, Ram

302 - 309

Authors: I Inounu, S Sukmawati, R.R Noor

Garut sheep (GG) is one of some native sheep that had been well known to the people of West Java. This sheep have some advantages including their ability to produce multiple birth, reach sexual maturity faster and resistant to internal parasite. However, this sheep have also some disadvantages including low milk production, high mortality and low weaning weight. Crossbreeding is one way to improve animal genetic quality. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the Garut, St.Croix cross (HG), and Moulton Charollais cross (MG) are superior in milk production when compared to Garut sheep. This study was conducted at small ruminant experimental station of Research Institute for Animal production from June to August 2002. The superiority of the crossed sheep was determined by subtracting the average milk production of the crossed sheep (HG or MG) and Garut sheep and then divided the values by the average milk production of Garut sheep, except for the threeway crosses (MHG and HMG) is calculated from the difference in milk production between the means of threeway crossbred with the means of two parents (MG and HG). The data had been corrected by parity and type of birth. The General Linear model of SAS was used to calculate the least square means. Average milk production from GG, MG, HG, MHG and HMG ewes in this study were respectivelly 53.41, 59.48, 55.89, 44.87 and 54.66 kg. The relative superiority for milk production of MG and HG were 11% and 5% over Garut sheep respectively and for the threeway crossbred MHG/HMG was -14% over their parents (MG and HG). Key Words: Milk Production, St.Croix, Moulton Charollais, Garut, Crossing

317 - 323

Authors: Boky Jeanne Tuasikal, Suhardono

This experiment was carried out to study the effect of infection Fasciola gigantica irradiated by using 60Co to goat’s blood values. Twenty local male goats, ten to twelve old months, 15-20 kg of body weight were used for this study. The animals were divided into 5 groups consisting of four replications. Three groups received irradiated metacercariae of Fasciola gigantica using 45, 55 and 65 Gy respectively. One group was the positive control (goats were infected by non-irradiated metacercariae) and another one was the negative control (goats were not infected by metacercariae). Each goat received 350 metacercariae. Body weight, Eosinofil, PCV and Hb were measured every weeks for 20 weeks. The result indicated that pathogenicity of irradiated Fasciola gigantica was reduced. In all parameters, among negative control group and three irradiation-groups showed non significant (P>0.05). Key Words: Fasciola gigantica, Irradiated, Eosinofil, Packed Cell Volume, Haemoglobin

167 - 174

Authors: A.P Sinurat, T Purwadaria, I.A.K Bintang, T Pasaribu

Indonesia is still importing corn for feed. Utilization of nonconventional feedstuffs may reduce this importation. One of them is solid heavy phase (SHP), i.e., a solid substance gained after filtration of liquid waste of crude palm oil factory with a potential production approximately 2 million ton/year. This research was carried out to study the utilization of SHP to replace corn in broiler’s diet. The SHP was dried and analysed for its nutrient compositions. The metabolisable energy was measured by using hens. Feeding trial was then conducted by replacing corn with SHP in various levels, i.e., 0 (Control), 10, 20, 30, and 40%. All diets were formulated to be isocalori dan isonitrogen. Five hundred broilers DOC were used in this trial and fed for 5 weeks. The performances of the birds were obsereved as parameters. Results showed that the ash, minerals crude fibre and fat contents of the SHP were higher than the corn. The crude protein of the SHP was similar to that of corn, but some amino acids content of the SHP were lower than the corn. The AME and TME values of SHP were 3271 and 3465 cal/g, respectively. Results of feeding trial showed that body weight of the birds were less as the level of SHP to replace corn increased in the diet. The FCR also showed impared as the levels of SHP increased in the diet. However, replacement of 10% corn with SHP did not significantly affect the body weight and FCR as compared with the control. Feed consumptions of the birds were not significantly affected by replacing corn with SHP. Carcass yield and relative weights of some internal organs were not significantly different between dietary treatments. It is concluded that the solid heavy phase could be used to replace 10% corn in broiler’s diet. Key Words: Solid Heavy Phase, Palm Oil By Products, Broilers

182 - 190

Authors: T Haryati, M.H Togatorop, A.P Sinurat, T Purwadaria, Murtiyeni

Research of nutritional evaluation of fermented copra meal and its application in broiler has been conducted. In the first experiment the crude protein and fiber contents were determined in the fermented copra meal using A. niger BPT, NRRL 337 and ES1. Further, 384 of Indian River DOC were used for in vivo experiment. Completed Randomized Design was used with 8 treatments: Control without and with 10% addition of copra meal, 3 levels of fermented copra meal addition with Aspergillus niger BPT or A. niger NRRL 337 (10, 15, 20%). Every treatment was repeated 8 time with 6 birds each. Variables measured were body weight, consumption, feed conversion, mortalities and carcass analyses. Diets were formulated in isocalori and isoprotein. The research was conducted in 6 weeks. The results showed that fermentation process increased the copra meal protein content from 22.3 to 36.1; 35.6 and 38.6% respectively for fermentation with A. niger BPT, NRRL 337 and ES1, decreased the crude fiber from 19.5 to 13.0; 18.9 and 8.28%. Results during 3 weeks trial show that the treatment significantly affected on broiler performance (P<0.05). Fermented copra meal was better than non fermented copra meal. There was no significantly different (P>0.05) in broiler performance at 6 weeks trial evaluation. The best conversion was in diet with 10% fermented copra meal with A. niger BPT and NRRL 337. The feed conversion of diets with 10% of each fermented products were better than control or diet without copra meal. The feed conversion of 15% fermented copra meal addition was not significantly different to control. Utilization of fermented copra meal with A. niger BPT or NRRL 337 should not more than 15%. Key Words: Copra Meal, Bioprocess, Broiler

198 - 205

Authors: Muhammad Mukhtar

The effects of planting density and cutting frequency on dry matter productivity were compared in two years following establishment among dwarf varieties (early-heading, DE and late-heading, DL) and normal varieties, Wruk wona (Wr) and Merkeron (Me), in the southern part of Kyushu, Japan. The planting densities examined for Wr, DE and DL were high (16 plants/m2, 25 cm × 25 cm of spacing), medium (8 plants/m2, 50 × 25 cm), and low (4 plants/m2, 50 cm × 50 cm), while for Me was only medium. The cutting frequency was three times with 60-day intervals in 2002 and two times with 90-day intervals in 2003. Irrespective of the planting densities, dwarf varieties were higher in tiller number, leaf area index and percentage of leaf blade (PLB) than those of normal varieties, but lower in plant height and total dry matter weight at all planting densities in both years. With the increase in planting density, annual herbage dry matter yield (HDMY) increased. The annual HDMY was higher in 2002 (cut twice) than that in 2003 (cut three times), and the difference in annual HDMY between the dwarf and normal varieties decreased by planting at high density and cut twice. Even though, the dry matter productivity was higher in the normal varieties than in the dwarf varieties at any planting density and cutting frequency, DL tended to show a stable productivity with high PLB irrespective of planting density and cutting frequency. Key Words: Cutting Frequency, Dry Matter Productivity, Dwarf Elephantgrass, Normal Elephantgrass and Planting Density

215 - 221

Authors: Takdir Saili, wahono Esthi Prasetyaningtyas, Mohamad Agus Setiadi, Srihadi AgungPriyono, Arief Boediono

The process of freeze drying caused detrimental effect on plasma membrane and acrosome of the spermatozoa, even it potentially could alter the chromatin and DNA integrities. On the other hand, DNA integrity is essential for spermatozoa to participate in pronucleus formation during fertilization event. Therefore the evaluation of DNA integrity should be carried out to study the effect of freeze drying process. EDTA, EGTA, and PBS were used as dilution media of spermatozoa prior to freeze drying process to protect the DNA. Toluidine blue staining and comet assay methods were used to evaluate the alteration on chromatin and DNA integrities of spermatozoa, respectively. The results revealed that the highest compacted chromatin after 6 months storage of freeze-dried spermatozoa were observed from EGTA-3 (98%) and EGTA-1 (97%) treatments that had significant differences compared to all PBS treatments (90-92%), but not for fresh spermatozoa (100%). Whereas, the highest compacted DNA integrity of freeze-dried spermatozoa were observed from EGTA-2 (92%) and EGTA-3 (92%) but had no significant differences compared to other treatments including fresh spermatozoa (97%). These results demonstrate that EDTA and EGTA tend to be able to protect chromatin and DNA integrities of ram spermatozoa during freeze-drying and storage compared to PBS. Key Words: Freeze-Drying, Spermatozoa, DNA, Toluidine Blue, Comet Assay

229 - 234

Authors: Sarwitri Endah Estuningsih

Capture-ELISA assay is a diagnosis for antigen detection in the serum or faeces using polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of capture-ELISA assay using polyclonal antibody for diagnosing Fasciola gigantica infection in cattle by detecting antigen in the faeces. In this study, faecal samples and livers were collected from 141 cattle slaughtered in the abattoir in Jakarta. From each animal, liver was processed for liver flukes count and the corresponding faecal sample was analysed for coproantigen. The result of capture-ELISA assay for antigen detection showed that from 85 cattle infected with Fasciola gigantica, 83 had OD > 0.52 (range from 0.52-1.39) and 2 cattle had OD < 0.52 (range from 0.17-0.51). The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were 97.6% and 92.8% respectively. The assay also able to detect 50 ng/ml of antigen in faecal supernatant. It suggests that this assay will have the advantage over the other methods on its ability to detect the active infection. Collection of faeces, rather than serum, will allow a more cost-effective and adaptable method. Key Words: Fasciola gigantica, Diagnosis, Capture-ELISA, Antigen

241 - 247

Authors: Adin Priadi, Lily Natalia

Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) has been recognized in chicken in Indonesia and incriminated as a possible additional causative agent in respiratory disease complex. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the seroepidemiological study of ORT infection in chickens. Ten weeks old chickens are injected with 0.5 ml of killed O. rhinotracheale emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant at a concentration of 109 CFU/ml. Hyperimmune sera and non-reactive control sera were used to standardized the ELISA for ORT infection. Optimum condition for the ORT ELISA was antigen dilution 1/800, serum dilution 1/100 and 1/4000 conjugate dilution. Optical density cut-off point was determined by using 31 serum samples from 2 broiler farms. Cut-off for negative serum was 0.27 (mean + 3 standard deviation). With these optima, 187 chicken sera from broiler, layer and broiler breeder farms were collected and screened. Seroconvertions were detected from broiler and layer farms in Magelang district, Central Java (Bojong I, Paremono, Bojong II, Keblukan) and a broiler breeder farm in West Java. The seraconvertion were 0, 10, 94, 88 and 100 percents respectively. These figures show that the prevalence of O. rhinotracheale infection in chicken in layer and breeder farms were very high. Key Words: Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), ELISA, Chicken

85 - 91

Authors: Tiurma Pasaribu, A.P Sinurat, T Purwadaria

A field trial was conducted to study the effectiveness of dry gel Aloe vera (DG) as a feed additive for laying hens in commercial farms. The trial was consisted of two treatments, one was control, commonly used farmer ration containing antibiotic of zinc bacitracin at 0.5 g/kg and the second feed containing DG equal to 1.0 g/kg. Every treatment had two replicates with 504 Loghman laying hens. The hen day production (% HD), egg weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), egg quality comprising yolk colour, albumin and yolk weights, egg shell eight and thikness, and mortality were observed for 24 weeks. The results showed that feed consumption, % HD, egg weight, FCR, yolk colour, albumin weight, yolk weight, egg shell weight, and egg shell thickness were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the control and DG treatment, except for the Haugh unit (HU). Thus, it can be concluded that Aloe vera bioactives has the same effectiveness as antibiotic as a feed additive at the level of commercial farms. Key Words: Laying Hens, Egg Production, Egg Quality, Aloe vera barbadensis Bioactives, Antibiotic

97 - 105

Authors: Kiston Simanihuruk, Komang G Wiryawan, Simon P Ginting

To study the effect of utilization of passion fruit hulls (Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis Deg) as feed component on consumption, digestion and nitrogen retention in kacang goats, a trial was conducted using 20 young kacang goats (average initial body weight 23.73±2.16 kg). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design consisting of 4 diets and 5 replications. Animal were randomly allocated into 4 diets (0, 15, 30, 45% of passion fruit hulls). Each diet contains 2550 Kcal/kg metabolism energy and 14% crude protein. The feeding level was set at 3.8% of body weight based on dry matter. The results of the experiment showed that average dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen retention were not affected by level of passion fruit hulls (P>0.05), although nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention tended to decrease with the increasing level of passion fruit hulls. It was concluded that passion fruit hulls can be used till 45% level in the diet. Key Words: Passion Fruit, Consumption, Digestibility, Nitrogen Retention, Kacang Goat

116 - 122

Authors: J Mattimena

The aim of this research is to observe the influence of estrus sheep serum (ESS) and pregnant sheep serum (PSS) on in vitrous ovine embryo development. The research was carried out in Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Padjadjaran university. Oocyte and ovary of local sheep were collected from slaughter house. Maturation, fertilization and embryo culture media were supplemented with 10, 15 and 20% ESS or PSS respectively. Results show that supplementation of 20% ESS had significantly (P<0.05) better maturation rate than those of 10-20% PSS (79.98% vs 58.89-68.97%). However, increasing ESS into 15-20% did not affect the maturation rate (71.86-74.98%). Therefore, 10% estrus sheep serum (ESS) can be used as an alternative serum in the ovine maturation media. The supplementation of ESS or PSS did not significantly increas the fertilization rate and in vitrous ovine embryo development, however, it was suggested to add 10% pregnant sheep serum (PSS) at in vitrous ovine embryo culture. Key Words: Serum, Sheep, Maturation, Fertilization, Embryo

131 - 136

Authors: Yulnawati ., M.A Setiadi, A Boediono

The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of CR1aa as a simple medium for maturation, fertilization and culture of ovine embryo in vitro. Oocytes were collected by slicing method in Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) supplemented with 5% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 100 IU/ml penicillin streptomycin. Oocytes were matured in Tissue Culture Medium (TCM)-199 as control or CR1aa as treatment medium. Both maturation medium were supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 10 IU/ml Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), 10 IU/ml Luteinizing Hormone (LH), 1 μg/ml Estradiol and 100 IU/ml penicillin-streptomycin. Oocytes were incubated in 5% CO2 incubator, 38˚C for 24 h. Matured oocytes were fertilized in BO or CR1aa medium, supplemented with 2.5 mM caffeine benzoate and 20 mg /ml heparin. After 18 h in vitro fertilization, oocytes were cultured in TCM-199 or CR1aa medium, both supplemented with 5% FBS, 5 mg/ml insulin and 100 IU/ml penicillin streptomycin. Results showed that the highest maturation rate was found in TCM-199 medium (73.27%) and significantly different (P<0.05) from CR1aa (52.88%). Fertilization rate in CR1aa medium (67.59%) was higher (P<0.05) than in BO medium (52.94%). Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between cleavage rate of ovine embryos in TCM-199 and CR1aa medium (39.45% vs 50.94%). In conclusion, optimum result on ovine in vitro embryo production can be achieved from a combination of TCM-199 as maturation medium and CR1aa as fertilization and culture medium. Key Words: CR1aa, TCM-199, Embryo, Ovine

144 - 150

Authors: Simson Tarigan

Protective immunity has been known to develop in animals infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. However, our previous attempt to induce protective immunity in goats by vaccination with fractions of soluble or insoluble mite proteins had been unsuccessful. Degradation or denaturation of protective antigens occurred during vaccine preparation was suggested as one possible cause of the failure. In this study, mite proteins that used to immunise animals were prepared rapidly in order to prevent protein degradation or denaturation. About 150 mg of freshly isolated mites were rapidly homogenised, centrifuged then separated into supernatant and pellet fractions. Twenty-eight goats were allocated equally into 4 groups. Group-1 goats were vaccinated with the whole mite homogenate supernatant, group 2 with the supernatant, group 3 with the pellet, and group 4 with PBS (unvaccinated control). Vaccination was conducted three times, with three-week intervals between vaccinations, using Quil A as adjuvant, and each vaccination using fresh mite homogenates. One week after the last vaccination, all animals were challenged with approximately 2000 live mites. The severity of lesions, scored from 0 (no lesions) to 5 (>75% infested auricle affected), were determined one day, two days, then every week after challenge. Mite challenge caused the development of skin lesions in all animals. No significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were observed in regards to the severity of lesions. However, the mite densities in vaccinated animals were significantly lower (P=0.015) than those in unvaccinated control. This study indicates that the protective antigens of S. scabiei are liable to degradation or denaturation and exist in a very low concentration or have vary low antigenicity. This implies isolation of the protective antigens by the conventional approach, fracionation of the whole mite proteins and testing each fractions in vaccination trials, is seemingly inappropriate for S. scabiei. Key Words: Sarcoptes scabiei, Vaccination, Fresh Homogenate, Partial Immunity

157 - 166

Authors: Sri Poernomo, Adin Priadi, Lily Natalia

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is frequently implicated in disease outbreaks such as human food poisoning. Phage typing have been proved to be a valuable and sensitive tool in the control of SE infections. The ability of phage to distinguish varieties among apparently identical serotypes led to the development and acceptance of phage typing as a significant epidemiological procedure. To determine the epidemiological pattern of SE, phage typing of 53 SE isolated from various sources in Indonesia during 1991–1999, has been conducted using 16 typing phages of phage typing scheme of SE obtained from the International Collaborating Center for Enteric Phage typing, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, UK. The lyse blood isosensitest was then used to test the sensitivity of the Salmonella isolates to antibiotics. The phage typing results obtained that of 53 Salmonella isolates there were one S. infantis, one S. berta, and 46 SE phage type 4, 2 SE phage type 7 (from chicken and water), 1 SE phage type 6 (from chicken) and 2 SE phage type 1 (from chicken). SE phage type 4 isolates comprised of 2 isolates from human, 19 isolates from chicken (young and adult), 17 isolates from day old chicks, 4 isolates from fluff, 2 isolates from chicken meat, 1 isolate from poultry farm water, 1 isolate from dog organ. These findings indicated that contaminated chicken appeared to be the sources of human and dog for SE infection. The results of sensitivity test of the isolates to antibiotics showed that most of the Salmonella isolates from Indonesia were resistant to the antibiotics tested. Key Words: Salmonella Enteritidis, Phage typing, Sensitivity test, Indonesia, Chicken

1 - 5

Authors: Ermin Widjaja, Wiranda G Piliang, Iman Rahayu, Bambang Ngaji Utomo

Palm oil mill effluent, a by product of crude palm oil processing, is found in an exessive amount in Central Kalimantan. It is estimated that 400 ton of this material is produced per day by crude palm oil (CPO) factory in this region. This material contains 12.63-17.41% crude protein, 9.98-25.79% crude fiber, 7.12-15.15% crude fat and 3217-3454 kcal/kg (gross energy). An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens of Hubbard strain in Kapuas District. The objectives of the experiment was to study the performance of broilers fed solid in the diet. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. The treatments were levels of solid in the diet, i.e., 0.0, 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5%. Four hundred broilers were devided into 4 treatment groups with 5 replications, consisted of 20 chickens in each replicate. The results of this experiment showed that diet containing 0.0, 12.5, 25.0 and 37.5% of solid respectively produced final live weight of broilers 2508, 2229 and 1880 g respectively, whereas control (0.0% of solid) was 2712 g. Feed conversion of the treatments were 2.39, 2.76, 3.24 respectively and without solid as control was 2.36. It is concluded that diet containing as much as 12.5% of solid can be used in broiler ration. Key Words: Solid, Broiler Chickens, Performance

15 - 23

Authors: Marthen L Mulik

This experiment aimed at increasing rumen microbial protein supply into intestine through ration manipulation. Four Santa Gertrudis steers with a mean liveweight (W) of 218 (±5.6) kg were used in a latin square design (4 x 4) to observe the effect of four diets on the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (EMPS). The steers were given pangola grass hay (8.5% protein) as the basal diet. The treatments were 1) pangola grass hay alone (KON), 2) pangola grass hay + 19 g urea/kg dry matter (DM) hay (URE), 3) as for treatment URE + a supplement mix at 0.5% W (SUP), and 4) as for treatment SUP + salt at 0.15% W (SUG). Urea was added into the hay to support a theoretical EMPS of 160 g MCP/kg digestible organic matter (DOM) whereas supplement mix contains fast, medium, and slow rumen fermentable energy and protein to synchronise energy and protein release in the rumen. Salt was added to alter passage rate of digesta. Addition of urea alone or with supplement mix increased EMPS significantly compared to KON (77 g MCP/kg DOM) but no difference between URE (119 g MCP/kg DOM) and SUP (110 g MCP/kg DOM). Addition of salt into supplement mix increased EMPS by 84% (140 g MCP/kg DOM). It might be concluded that rumen degradable protein (RDP) was deficient in steers fed low quality grass hay hence urea supplementation significantly increased EMPS to a similar extent as that of the supplement mix formulated to have a synchrony in protein and energy release. Increasing fluid dilution rate, by adding salt, also had a dramatic affect on EMPS as observed in treatment SUG. It increased up to the level suggested in the International feeding standards. Key Words: Microbial Protein, Soluble Protein, Dilution Rate, Supplement, Tropical Grass

34 - 38

Authors: Sofjan Iskandar, Rufika Mardalestari, Resmi Hernawati, Enok Mardiah, Endang Wahyu

The success of freezing chicken semen is the hope for preserving Indonesian native chickens. Semen from twenty Arab roosters were collected using massage technique once in a week. Cryoprotectant DMA (dimethyl acetamide) or DMF (dimethyl formalmide) of 7 or 9% and thawing A at temperature of 30oC for 30 seconds or in B at 5oC for 5 minutes. The volume of fresh semen was 0.3 ± 0.072 ml/ejaculate, white colour, rather thick to thick, with 2200 ± 372 millions sperms/ml and pH 6.95 ± 0.32, 4+/3+ mass movement, 80% motility, 84 ± 4.48% and abnormality of 14.75 ± 1.28%. There were not statistically significant (P>0.05) effect of interaction of treatments (kinds and concentrations of cryoprotectant, and thawing methods) on motility and live-sperms. Sperm motility preserved with DMA (34.69%) significantly higher than with DMF (29.84%). Sperm motility was also significantly higher (34.53%) when preserved with 7% cryoprotectant than with 9% (30%). Thawing-A significantly gave higher motility (35.31%) than thawing-B did (29.22%). Live-sperms of semen preserved with DMA (46.75%) was significantly higher than with DMF (41.72%). Cryoprotectant concentration of 7% gave higher live-sperms (46.98%) than of 9% did (41.48%). Thawing-A left live-sperms of 47.14%, which was significantly higher than thawing-B did (41.30%). Key Words: Frozen Semen, Arab Rooster, Cryoprotectants, Thawing Methods

52 - 60

Authors: Simson Tarigan

Animals or human recovered from Sarcoptes scabiei infestation acquired protective immunity against reinfestation. The protective immunity is considered to be associated with a type-1-hypersensitivity reaction against allergens instigated by the mites during infestation. It is assumed that these allergens have the potential to be used as the main component of an anti-scabies vaccine. The purpose of this study is to identify and characterise the sarcoptic allergens. For this purpose, 645 mg of mites, collected from mangy goats, were homogenised in PBS to prepare soluble mite proteins. Fractionation of proteins was initially performed on a Q-sepharose column but the results were unsatisfactory. Consequently, SDS PAGE was used as an alternative. Proteins from the gel were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane. The membrane was cut into strips so each strip contained proteins with molecular weights of ³ 90, 80-90, 70-80, 60-70, 50-60, 40-50, 30-40, 25-30, 20-25, 15-20 and 10-15 kDa, respectively. The heat stability of the allergens was determined by heating the suspension at 60ºC for 60 minutes, whereas their dialysability was evaluated using a 10-kDa-cut-off ultramembrane. The activity of the allergens was assayed by an intradermal test on sensitised goats. This study showed that mite protein extract was very potent allergens since mite extract containing as little as 1 ng mite proteins still caused an obvious hypersensitive reaction. The mite extract contained heat-stable, dialysable and non-dialysable allergens. All fractions recovered from a Q-sepharose column contained allergens with almost equal potency. Fractionation with the SDS-PAGE revealed that the allergens had molecular weights of 35 and <10 kDa. The former allergen is assumed to be a member of group 10 allergens, whereas the later belong to haptenic allergens. Kata Kunci: Sarcoptes Scabiei, Allergens, Heat-Stable, Group 10, Hapten

69 - 75

Authors: Sudarisman

Serum neutralisation test (SNT) has been established for evaluating canine distemper vaccination, but until now SNT was rarely used due to the need for continuous tissue culture facilities and requires 3 days to perform. For detecting antibody to canine distemper virus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is relatively simple and rapid seroassay. ELISA for canine immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies to canine distemper virus (CDV) was developed by using Onderstepoort strain of canine distemper virus as coating antigen. Rabbit anti canine IgG labelled with horse radish peroxidase was used as the conjugate, while phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD) was used as the substrate. The ELISA results were then compared with the results of the SNT, using the sera of 312 random-source dogs from West Java. The two test-results had a high degree of correlation. Very few discrepancies occurred and most of these were at the lower limits of each test. When the sera were tested at 1 : 100 dilutions, there was a 95.5% agreement between the ELISA and SNT. Their sensitivity and spesificity were 83.9 and 98.4%. Titrated SNT and ELISA also were performed on sera from 7 dogs whose lifetime medical histories were known. The antibodies were inclining up after two months of post vaccination, where the titre was not in zero/lower position at the day of vaccination. However, antibody zero or low position were found at 28 days post vaccination. All of the results indicated that ELISA can be used for evaluating antibody to canine distemper virus response, replacing the SNT. Key Words: ELISA, Serum Neutralization Test, Distemper, Dog