Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

71 - 99

Authors: Tri Pranadji, B Sudaryanto

The objective of the study is to determine that sheep farming in the villages to increase farmers welfare could be developed taken into consideration of farmers perception and attitude which were included in the planning of development programme. In order to achieve the objective more effectively, the institutional system of sheep farming needs to be transformed into a corporate institution. Field study was conducted during the period of 1994-1997 in two villages of Jambu sub district, District of Semarang. Two approaches were used simultaneously, i.e. ideografis and nomotetis to analyze the data and information. Result s showed that, first, sheep farming in the villages still had big development opportunity .second, the threat of stagnation in the sheep farming may occur due to high dependency on family labor and lack of capital. Third, due to top down policy and lack of vision on the agrobusiness activities, the development of sheep farming could be hampered. Fourth, transforming into a corporate institution may increase economic profitability of sheep farming as well as performance of the farms. Fifth, in order to realize the development of corporate business systems, need to establish a pilot project. To implement the concept, support from banking institution especially for discount rate was necessary, along with the involvement of ATAI (Agricultural Technology Assessment Institutes), local livestock services, credit system and local government leader that has people oriented vision.

88 - 94

Authors: Dwi Yulistiani, I-W Mathius, I-K Sutama, Umi Adiati

An experiment was caried out to study the protein requirement for Etawah cross breed. Thirty Etawah cross breed does were used in this study (average body weight 37.6+3.5 kg) and randomized to obtain one of three treatments. The treatments were the protein content of concentrate supplement. The protein levels were R1 (CP 16%), R2 (CP 22%) and R3 (CP 26%). The concentrate supplements were offered during late pregnancy and early (first 3 months) lactation period. The study showed that dry matter intake during pregnancy and early lactation period was not affected by treatments. The highest average daily gain during late pregnancy reached by R3 (66.45 g/day) which was not significantly different with R2 (61.9 g/day) and R1 (48.8 g/day). The highest total birth weight per does was achieved by R2 (6.05 kg). Average daily milk production was not affected by treatment. The production at first week of lactation was 1,044.5 g/day and decreased to 466.7 g/day in week 11. R2 produced the highest average daily gain (107.8 g/day) preweaning per does, while R1 and R3 was 84 and 84.4 g/day, respectively. Key words : Etawah cross breed (PE), pregnancy period, lactation period, protein levels

101 - 106

Authors: Helmi Hamid, T Purwadaria, T Haryati, A.P Ketaren

The effect of fermentation process and duration of storage of fermented coconut meal with Aspergillus niger on its peroxide number has been studied. First stage of experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments (raw coconut meal, 0 and 4 day aerobic fermentation incubation and after 2 day anaerobic enzymatic incubation). The peroxide number was determined as potentiality for rancidity. The three incubation processes decreased the peroxide number significantly. The highest reduction was obtained at 4 day aerobic fermentation (49.7%). The decrease of peroxide number of fermented coconut meal was correlated with the decrease of lipid content. The regression coefficient is highly significant (r2 = 0.76, P<0.01). In the second experiment, the effect of storage on the peroxide number of fermented product was conducted by factorial design 2x3x4 i.e., two type of substrates (fermented and non fermented coconut meal), 3 storage temperatures (-13, 4, and 29oC) and 4 storage times (1, 2, 3, and 4 months). Statistical analysis for lipid contents showed that there was significant interaction (P<0.05) between kind of substrates and storage time. The lipid content of fermented product was decreasing from the first up to the third month of storage, then it was increasing at the fourth month, but the lipid content of non fermented coconut meal did not significantly changed (P>0.05). Statistical analysis for the peroxide number showed that there was highly significant interaction between the type of substrates and storage temperature. The peroxide number on the fermented products did not significantly increase, where as the non fermented products show significantly increased during storage course. The significant interaction between storage duration and temperature observed. At low temperatures (-13 and 4°C) storage the peroxide number increased 44%, while at high temperature (29°C) up to 95%. The highest peroxide number on the fermented product (43.5 ppm) was obtained at the temperature storage of 29°C for 4 month period. This value is still under rancidity limit (80 ppm). It could be concluded that fermentation process reduced the rancidity of coconut meal. Key words : Coconut meal, fermentation, peroxide number, Aspergillus niger

113 - 120

Authors: Darminto

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute highly contagious viral respiratory disease of poultry caused by coronavirus. The disease causes high mortality in young chicks, reduce body weight gain in broilers and remarkable drop in egg production. IB can only be controlled by vaccination, but due to the antigenic variation among serotypes of IB viruses, the effective IB vaccine should be prepared from local isolates. The aim of this research is to develop inactivated IB vaccine derived from local IB isolates. Local isolates of IB viruses designated as I-37, I-269 and PTS-III were propagated respectively in specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs, the viruses then were inactivated by formaline at final concentration of 1:1,000. Subsequently, the inactivated viruses were mixed and emulsified in oil emulsion adjuvant with sorbitant mono-oleic as an emulsifier. The vaccine then was tested for its safety, potency and efficacy in broiler chickens. Birds inoculated twice with a two-week interval by inactivated vaccine did not show any adverse reaction, either systemic or local reaction. The inoculated birds developed antibody responses with high titre, while antibody of the control birds remain negative. In addition, efficacy test which was conducted in broilers demonstrated that birds vaccinated by live-commercial vaccine and boosted three weeks later by Balitvet inactivated vaccine showed high level of antibody production which provided high level of protection against challenged virus (76% against I-37, 92% against I-269 and 68% against PTS-III challenge viruses). From this study, it can be concluded that inactivated local IB vaccine is considered to be safe, potent and efficacious. The vaccine stimulates high titre of antibody responses, which provide high level of protection against challenged viruses. Key words: Infectious bronchitis, virus, broiler chicken, antibody, inactivated vaccine

128 - 135

Authors: Agus Wiyono, Rini Damayanti

pregnant sheep and lambing sheep were conducted in two different periods and flocks of Bali cattle and sheep. On the basis of clinico-pathological findings and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, the study revealed that MCF transmission has been successfully achieved in four Bali cattle that were in contact with lambing sheep, and in one Bali cow that was penned 100 metres away from lambing sheep pen. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the causal agent of MCF in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) and nasal, ocular and vaginal secretions of sheep. It is assumed that viruses in the secretion were spread by sheep causing five Bali cattle suffered with MCF. However, further studies on exact mode of transmission needs to be clarified particularly on the time and mode of viral transmission from reservoir to susceptible animals. Key words : Malignant catarrhal fever, experimental transmission, in-contact, Bali cattle, sheep