European Journal of Medicine. Series B

62-70

Authors: Orifjon A. Aripov, Liliya R. Sha-Akhmedova, Zakhro A. Usmanova

There were studied immunological parameters in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B (CVHB) and it was evaluated the effectiveness of flavonoids and phospholipid preparation. There was a decrease in CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ - of lymphocytes, CD4/CD8, CD16+- of cells. The content of CD95 + and TNF-α was significantly increased at all degrees of activity of the cytological process. It was established an increase of the concentration of all types of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) in children. It was established tendency of normalization of the studied parameters in children taking flavonoids, but the level of TNF-α remains high for all therapeutic approaches.

77-99

Authors: Oleg V. Gradov

A simplified theory of the optical signal registration using lab-on-a-chip with CMOS/CCD detectors is described. The difference between the contact active and passive chips with optically different possible registration schemes is outlined. For passive chips a possibility of their introduction into a sandwich-like structure with photoelectronic multipliers is also considered (a design of a so-called lab-on-a-PEM similar to the earlier proposed lab-on-a-tube technique where it is possible to integrate the glass surface of the vacuum tube with a microfluidic chip. It is also indicated the possibility of a multiparametric contrastimetry on a chip with a system converting arbitrary physical signals to an optical one. This technique allows to measure contrast, gradient and colocalization of the primary variables (converted signal) distribution in 2D mode with spatial resolution. Either a photoinjection or a photoemission method of estimation of the parameters related to the primary analytical signal for PEM-combined labs-on-a-chip is also proposed. For the simplest “boundary calibration” of the optical CMOS-/CCD-based chip it is suggested to use either white or black balance/level, which after recalculation within a single COBAC system can be applied for estimation of the primary non-optical signal parameters together with contrastimetry. Also an “energy calibration” method is described combining calibration with the photocell and a thermoelement (the parameter measured in this case is specific thermodynamic irradiance). A simple simulation of the light transmission through a biological sample located on a chip to the chip surface was performed using Geant4 software developed by CERN (Scientific Linux OS). The following topology of the on-chip experiment is proposed: a sandwich-type chip system including a light source (LED), emitting photons from the point («World initStep»), a biological cell with cytoplasm («World») and an osmotic vacuole («Tank»), which is a part of the optical path from the light source to the detector of CCD or CMOS chip, which is considered as a target («OutOfWorld») and serves as a substrate for the biological sample. The possibility of the polarization parameter registration at the given experimental scheme and the path geometry is also mentioned. Due to the possibility and the initial application of the Monte-Carlo methods in Geant4 for the nuclear physics, the above model can be extrapolated towards the lab-on-a-chip with either a scintillation primary converter or without it (the operation principle of such a chip is based on the SEU – Single Event Upsets upon the single particle interaction with the pixels). It is also shown that Haar transforms and Fourier registrograms of the line scans from the CCD/CMOS can be considered as one of the sources of visualizable descriptors (both of the optical and primary non-optical signals).