JOURNAL OF ANIMAL RESEARCH

4

Authors: Arunbeer Singh, Jaswinder Singh Bhatti, Jaswinder Singh and Simrinder Singh Sodhi*

Job satisfaction has emerged as one of the most important aspects of human resource management in recent times. The purpose of the study was to find a relationship of socio-personal factors and job satisfaction of Veterinary Officers in Punjab. Job satisfaction was operationalised as the cumulative score obtained by the respondents in relation to selected facets of the job. It was found that the veterinarians were partially satisfied with their job with a mean score of 3.49 on a scale of 1-5. Job satisfaction had a positive and significant association with experience. It was found that job satisfaction had a negative significant association with distance of place of posting. There was no significant relationship between age, gender, qualification, background and marital status of the veterinarians and the level of job satisfaction

6

Authors: Aarti Goyal* and Randeep Kaur Aulakh

The present study was undertaken to ascertain the effect of processing on pesticide residues in edible fresh water fishes. The fish samples were collected from two different fish markets located in Ludhiana city. Pesticide residues were detected in five different fish species by employing Gas Liquid Chromatography. Major pesticides detected include β-HCH, γ-HCH and chlorpyriphos with levels 0.30 mg kg-1, 0.1-0.35 mg kg-1 and 0.14-0.58 mg kg-1, respectively. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were found to have higher levels of pesticide residues. These fish samples were then processed by four different processing methods viz. deep frying, steaming by pressure cooker, conventional oven baking and microwave oven baking to check the reduction in residue levels. Deep frying caused maximum reduction i.e. 40-45% as compared to other processing methods. Steaming reduced pesticide residues by 14-16%, microwave oven baking resulted in 17-20% and conventional oven baking resulted in 20-21% reduction.

6

Authors: Rohit Parmar1*, Dilip Joshi1, Paresh Dadhaniya2, Bakor Patel1, Jayesh Muchhara2, Harshad Chikhaliya1, Rajesh Vadaviya2, Chintan Patel2 and Kapil Vachhani2

The aim of the present experiment was to study clinical signs, haemato-biochemical alterations and pathomorphological changes induced by Dronedarone administration in rats. In present study, 48 Wistar rats (5-8 weeks old) were divided in to four different groups with equal numbers of male and female. Group I rats (Corn oil) severed as vehicle control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered Dronedarone @ 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt. respectively, orally daily for 28 days. The blood samples were collected on day 29 of the study from all the animals from retro-orbital plexus under carbon dioxide anaesthesia. All animals were euthanized on day 29 of the study using carbon dioxide asphyxiation. The haematological parameter viz. Hb, erythrocyte count, PCV, MCV, MCHC, eosinophils and basophiles percent and biochemical parameters such as total bilirubin and urea revealed significant (P < 0.05) alteration as compared to control group animals. Gross morphological changes include congestion in lung and dilatation of uterus while microscopic changes were characterized by individual cortical cell necrosis in thymus, focal to multifocal thickened alveolar septa in lung and dilatation of uterine lumen. Changes of gross and microscopic were spontaneous or incidental finding. Based on above finding it can be concluded that sub-acute exposure to Dronedarone administered at the dose rate up to 200 mg/kg/day by oral route over a period of 28 days did not produce any appreciable changes.

6

Authors: Deepak Kumar1*, Sandeep Kumar1, Sandeep Gera1, Jyoti Yadav2, B. S. Malik3 and C. S. Patil3

Study comprising seventy two cattle of three breeds/strain viz. Hardhenu crossbred strain, Hariana and Sahiwal breeds were carried out to evaluate the differences in hematological parameters. Each group consisted of 24 animals of different age groups i.e. 0-1 year, 1-2 year, 2-3 year and >3 year. The various hematological parameters i.e. hemoglobin (Hb), total leucocyte count (TLC), differential leucocyte count (DLC), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in all the three breeds/strain at different ages were studied. Significantly higher Hb % especially at the age of 2-3 year was observed in Sahiwal animals over other 2 breed groups. Well known feature of higher disease resistance of Hariana breed was supported by significantly higher TLC as compared to other two breeds. The age wise significant difference was observed for group 1-2 years and, >3 years while Hariana showing high count. The lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophils, Hct, TEC, MCH and MCHC were comparable in all the three breeds/strain.

6

Authors: Sanjeev Ranjan*1, Bharat Bhushan2, Jay Prakash Gupta3, VNM Asaf4, Manjit Panigrahi2, Amit Kumar2 and Renjith Raveendran5

In present study, the polymorphism at five microsatellite loci BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were investigated for finding their association with the somatic cell counts (SCC) in crossbred cattle. Total 130 animals were tested using california mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) to screen animals for mastitis. Total 83 alleles were found in all five microsatellites where 23 alleles (9 in BM302, 3 in BM4505, 2 in BMS2684, 8 in CYP21 and 1 in DIK20) were differing significantly in case-control animals. Total number of genotypes for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 148, out of which 11 were differing significantly in case-control animals. The allele size ranges for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 146 bp to 166 bp, 212 bp to 252 bp, 82 bp to 108 bp, 180 bp to 228 bp and 164 bp to 196 bp, respectively. The polymorphism information content/heterozygosity/allelic diversity for BM302, BM4505, BMS2684, CYP21 and DIK20 were 0.88/0.92/0.89, 0.91/0.53/0.91, 0.81/0.56/0.82, 0.91/0.65/0.92 and 0.82/0.60/0.84. The genotypes ‘146/158’, ‘148/156’, ‘148/158’, ‘150/164’, ‘152/164’, and ‘152/166’ at BM302, ‘238/238’ at BM4505, ‘186/186’ and ‘196/196’ at CYP21 and ‘174/186’ and ‘180/192’ were differing significantly in case-control animals. It revealed that the information observed in the present study was valuable and it may be helpful for improving mastitis resistance in crossbred cattle.

8

Authors: Dhananjay Kumar, Rajiv Ranjan Kumar*, Arun Kumar, S.K. Mendiratta, H. Lalawampuii, Vishal Kumbhar, Aanchal Choudhary, Sarita Kumari and Preeti Rana

The present study was carried out with aim to develop and standardize the protocol for species-specific PCR assay for detection of tissue of buffalo origin. Muscle tissue samples from viz: cattle (postmortem), buffalo, sheep, goat and pig were used to extract the DNA and the good quality DNA samples having OD260:280 of 1.8-2.1 were used in this study. Species-specific primers for buffalo was designed through homology comparisons of the mitochondrial gene regions from these species using Megalign (DNA- STAR) and designed primer pairs were tested for their specificity by BLAST analysis. The PCR conditions were optimized in terms quantity and concentration of various components for PCR mix and annealing temperature. The developed assay was evaluated for its species specificity and sensitivity. Efficacy and reliability of developed assay was also validated on known samples, samples from meat admixture and samples subjected to diverse heat treatment viz: boiling, autoclave and microwave. The developed species-specific PCR assay resulted in amplification of DNA template exclusively from buffalo samples and resulted in amplified PCR product of 742bp. Sensitivity of the assay was determined by making 10-fold serial dilution of genomic DNA, which showed that only 10ng of absolute DNA content, was required for PCR amplification and successful identification of tissue of buffalo origin. Thus, it was concluded that developed species-specific PCR assay is effective in identification of tissue of buffalo origin.

8

Authors: Neeraj Shrivastava1*, Varsha Sharma1, Anju Nayak1, A.B. Shrivastava2, B.C. Sarkhel3, P.C. Shukla4 and Arpita Shrivastava5

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dreaded pathogen in human and veterinary medicine. MRSA as a cause of mastitis in dairy cattle has got profound economic and serious public health significance. A total of 111 dairy cattle were screened for mastitis by CMT from six dairy farms of Jabalpur. The 85 mastitis milk samples were screened for MRSA by bacterial culture method using cefoxitin for enrichment. The MRSA strains were identified and characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods for virulence determinants and methicillin resistance. The MRSA strains showed β-haemolysis as a predominant haemolysis pattern. The strains were positive for mecA gene which is considered as a gold standard for the confirmation of methicillin resistance. The prevalence of MRSA mastitis in dairy cattle was 16.47%. The MRSA strains were positive for the virulence factors associated with pathogenicity. The economic and public health implication of the finding is discussed.

8

Authors: Sajad Ahmed Wani1*, Brajendra Singh Meena1, Aashaq Hussain Ganaie2 and Nazir Ahmad Mir3

The present study was conducted in J&K; North-Western hilly state of India during 2013 to 2015 to study the problems experienced by transhumant Bakerwal pastoralists in different phases of migration and their climate change perception. The sample of 120 respondents was selected randomly for problem identification while as 39 respondents were purposively selected for examining their climate change perception. The study revealed that lack of basic facilities (viz. shelter for animals and humans, clean drinking water, medical facilities, roads connectivity, marketing, education for children, electricity and means of communication) was the top ranking problem experienced by the respondents in summer pastures and en-route migration. This was followed by lack of veterinary health services and disease occurrence which were ranked second most important problems respectively. Reduced pastures availability and water scarcity for animals during later part of the winter were the top most problems experienced by the respondents at winter pastures. Further it was reported that respondents perceived a drastic change in predictability of weather conditions and incidences of torrential rains, cloud bursting, hail storms etc. in the study area. The respondents also expressed a moderate change in average seasonal temperature, amount of rainfall, amount of snowfall and severity of draught at pastures. The study recommends the immediate policy intervention on part of government for provision of various basic facilities to the Bakerwals in different phases of migration besides promotion of income diversification within pastoralism through skill development and need based training programmes for securing the livelihood of Bakerwals.

8

Authors: Samrawit Melkamu1*, Mersha Chanie2 and Mulat Asrat3

The experimental completely randomized design was conducted on poultry coccidiosis of Rose-Cobb breed of one hundred broiler chicken from November 2015 to April 2016 in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar. The experimental animals (n=100) were randomly allocated into four equal groups, group one (G-I), group two (G-II), group three (G-III) and group four (G-IV) with 25 chickens in each group. The G-I, G-II, and G-III were treatments groups challenged by different Eimeria sporulated oocysts, while G-IV served as the control group. In this study, the infective dose of E. tenella (G-I), E. acervulina (G-II) and mixed Eimeria spp (G-III) was 2x104 sporulated Eimeria oocyst inoculated orally at three weeks of age in broiler chicken and subsequent alterations in different haematological constituents were evaluated at interval of 5, 7 and 9 day of post inoculation. The Eimeria species identified from the natural infected chickens were E.tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima and E. necatrix. E.tenella was more pathogenic than E.acervulina and mixed Eimeria spp. Oocyst counts per gram of faeces in pure (E. tenella and E. acervulina) and mixed Eimeria spp. infection showed marked increase from the 5 to 8DPI. Pure single infection of E. acervulina and E. tenella showed highest oocyst excretion on 6 DPI (62,395 oocyst/g of faeces) and 7 DPI (86,535 oocyst/g of faeces) respectively. Whereas mixed Eimeria spp. infection reached a maximum oocyst count of 51, 270 oocyst/gm of faeces on 7 DPI

8

Authors: Manju Roy1* and Sushovan Roy2

Present study was designed to assess the effect of vitamin E+Se supplementation on growth performance as well as antioxidant status in arsenic toxicity in experimental goats. Eighteen cross breed goats of either sex, aged between 12 to 24 months of age were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group I was considered as healthy control. Goats of group II and III received Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) @ 5 mg/kg orally daily for 45 days. The goats of group III also received the treatment of Vitamin E+Se. Increase growth performance was observed in animals supplemented with Vitamin E+Se treatment as compared to group II animals. Significantly (P<0.05) increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in blood, liver and kidney tissue were observed in arsenic intoxicated goats. However, arsenic treatment caused depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH). Restoration of arsenic toxicity effects were observed in group III animals. (Kile et al., 2007) Therefore, present study indicated the ameliorative potential of Vitamin E + Se against toxic effects of arsenic.

10

Authors: Shyam Sundar Tripathy1, Atish Kumar Chakravarty1, Mohsin Ayoub Mir1*, Arun Pratap Singh1, Valsalan Jamuna2 and Sreela Lathika3

Records of 1471 Karan-Fries cows from 102 sires with five or more daughters per sire during the period 1989-2013 were used to study genetic and non-genetic parameters for First lactation 305-days or less milk yield (FL305MY- kg), First lactation 305 days or less wet average (FL305WA- kg), Average test day milk yield (ATDMY- kg), Average test day fat percentage (ATDFP-%), Average test day fat yield (ATDFY-g), Fat based energy per kg (FBE/kg-cal) and Fat based energy per first lactation 305 days or less milk yield (FBE/FL305MY–kcal). The non-genetic parameters were analysed by fixed linear model. Heritability and phenotypic/genetic correlations were estimated by paternal half sib correlation method and sire variance and covariance, respectively. Period of calving was significant for all the traits. Season had significant effect on all the traits except ATDFP and FBE. Age group was significant for ATDFP only. The FBE/FL305MY had positive and significant (P<0.01) genetic and phenotypic correlations with FL305MY, FL305WA, ATDMY and ATDFY. The positive phenotypic correlation of ATDFP and FBE/kg with composition and energy traits revealed selection for an increased fat percentage will improve the concentrations of other constituents in milk. Higher estimates of heritability, significant genetic and phenotypic correlation between FL305MY and FBE/FL305MY revealed that any of the two traits can be used for genetic evaluation of Karan-Fries bulls when genetic improvement is sought.

10

Authors: Ankit Kumar Singh1, R.K. Sharma1*, Varsha Sharma2, Tanmay Singh1, Rajesh Kumar3 and Dimple Kumari4

Plant-associated bacteria that live inside plant tissues without causing any harm to plants are defined as endophytic bacteria. Different parts of mulberry plant (root, stem and leaves) are reported to possess different pharmacological activity.The present study was done to isolate endophytic bacteria from Morus nigra (mulberry) leaves, their identification and investigate their antibacterial activity against three gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens and Bacillus cereus and gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A total 25 leaves samples were taken, they were sterilized with 0.1 per cent sodium hypochlorite, 0.01 per cent bavistin, 0.05 per cent and 70 per cent ethanol. Sterilized leaves of the plants were embedded in kings B petri plates. for the isolation of endophytic bacteria. Maximum isolated sample on kings b media were irregular in shape, flat elevation, undulated margin, glistening growth surface, opaque and white in colour, the microscopic examination revealed that isolated endophytic bacteria were gram positive and rod shaped. The antibacterial effect was studied by the disc diffusion method with known antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Ci) as standard. The antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from Morus nigra (mulberry) showed good antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogens.